22. Our abstract Ideas are to us the Measures of Species: Inftances in that of Man.

23. Species not diftinguished by Generation. 24. Not by fubftantial Forms.

25. The specific Effences are made by the Mind.

26. Therefore very various and uncertain.

27. But not fo arbitrary as mixed Modes.

28. Though very imperfect.

29. Which yet ferves for common Converse.

30. But makes feveral Effences fignified by the fame Name.

31. The more general our Ideas are, the more incomplete and partial they are.

32. This all accommodated to the End of Speech. 33. Inftance in Caffuaries.

34. Men make the Species. Inftance-Gold. 35. Though Nature makes the Similitude.

36. And continues it in the Races of Things. 37. Each abstract Idea is an Effence.

38. Genera and Species, in order to naming. InftanceWatch.

39. Species of artificial things, lefs confused than natural. 40. Artificial things of distinct Species.

41. Subtances alone have proper Names.

42. Difficulty to treat of Words with Words.

43, 44. Inftance of mixed Modes in Kineah and Niouph. 45, 45. Inftance of Subftances in Zahab.

47. Their Ideas perfect, and therefore various.

48. Therefore, to fix their Species, a real Effence is fuppofed.

49. Which Suppofition is of no use.

50. Conclufion.

CHAP. VII.

Of Particles.

SECT.

1. Particles connect Parts, or whole Sentences together. 2. In them confifts the Art of well speaking.

3, 4. They_fhow what Relation the Mind gives to its own Thoughts.

5. Inftance in But.

6. This Matter but lightly touched here›

SECT.

CHAP. VIII.

Of Abfira and Concrete Terms.

1. Abstract terms not predicable one of another, and why.

2. They fhow the difference of our Ideas.

SECT.

CHA P. IX.

Of the Imperfection of Words.

1. Words are used for recording and communicating our Thoughts.

2. Any words will ferve for recording.

3. Communication by Words, Civil or Philofophical. 4. The Imperfection of Words, is the Doubtfulness of their Signification.

5. Caufes of their Imperfection.

6. The Names of mixed Modes doubtful: First, Because the Ideas they ftand for are fo complex.

7. Secondly, Because they have no Standards.

8. Propriety not a fufficient Remedy.

9. The way of learning thefe Names contributes alfo to their Doubtfulness.

10. Hence unavoidable Obfcurity in ancient Authors. 12. Names of Subftances referred; Firft, to real Effences that cannot be known..

13, 14. Secondly, To co-exifting Qualities, which are known but imperfectly.

15. With this Imperfection they may ferve for Civil, but not well for Philofophical Ufe.

16. Inftance-Liquor of Nerves.

17. Inftance-Gold.

18. The Names of fimple Ideas the least doubtful.

19. And next to them fimple Modes.

20. The most doubtful, are the Names of very compounded mixed Modes and Subftances.

21. Why this Imperfection charged upon Words.

22, 23. This fhould teach us Moderation in impofing our own Senfe of old Authors.

SECT.

CHAP. X.

Of the Abufe of Words.

1. Abuse of Words.

2, 3. First, Words without any, or without clear Ideas. 4. Occafioned by learning Names before the Ideas they belong to.

5. Secondly, Unfteady Application of them.

6. Thirdly, Affected Obfcurity by wrong Application.
7. Logic and Difpute has much contributed to this.
8. Calling it Subtilty.

9. This Learning very little benefits Society.

10. But deftroys the Inftruments of Knowledge and Com

munication.

II. As ufeful as to confound the Sound of the Letters. 12. This Art has perplexed Religion and Juftice.

13. And ought not to pass for Learning.

14. Fourthly, Taking them for things.

15. Inftance in Matter.

16. This makes Errors lafting.

17. Fifthly, Setting them for what they cannot fignify. 18. v. g. Putting them for the real Effences of Subftances. 19. Hence we think every Change of our Idea in Subftances, not to change the Species.

20. The Caufe of this Abufe, a Suppofition of Nature's working always regularly.

21. This Abufe contains two falfe Suppofitions.

22. Sixthly, A Suppofition, that Words have a certain and evident Signification.

23. The Ends of Language. Firft, To convey our Ideas. 24. Secondly, To do it with Quickness.

25. Thirdly, Therewith to convey the Knowledge of things.

26-31. How Mens words fail in all these.

32. How in Subftances.

33. How in Modes and Relations.

34. Seventhly, Figurative Speech alfo an Abuse of Lan.

guage.

b 2

CHAP. XI.

Of the Remedies of the foregoing Imperfections and Abuses.

SECT.

1. They are worth feeking.

2. Are not eafy.

3. But yet neceffary to Philofophy.

4. Mifufe of Words, the Caufe of great Errors. 5. Obftinacy.

6. And wrangling.

7. Inftance-Bat and Bird.

8. First Remedy, To ufe no Word without an Idea.

9. Secondly, To have diftinct Ideas annexed to them in

Modes.

10. And diftinct and conformable in Subftances.

11. Thirdly, Propriety.

12. Fourthly, To make known their Meaning.

13. And that three ways.

14. First, In fimple Ideas by fynonymous Terms or showing.

15. Secondly, In mixed Modes by Definition.

16. Morality capable of Demonstration.

17. Definitions can make moral Difcourfes clear.

18. And is the only way.

19. Thirdly, In Subftances, by fhowing and defining.

20, 21. Ideas of the leading Qualities of Subftances are beft got by fhowing.

22. The Ideas of their Powers beft by Definition.

23. A Reflection on the Knowledge of Spirits.

24. Ideas alfo of Subftances must be conformable to things. 25. Not eafy to be made so.

26. Fifthly, By Conftancy in their Signification. 27. When the Variation is to be explained.

OF HUMAN UNDERSTANDING.

BOOK II.-CHAP. XXII.

H

OF MIXED MODES.

1. Mixed Modes, what.

AVING treated of fimple modes in the foregoing chapters, and given feveral inftances of fome of the moft confiderable of them, to fhow what they are, and how we come by them, we are now, in the next place, to confider those we call mixed modes; fuch are the complex ideas we mark by the names obligation, drunkenness, a lie, &c., which confifting of feveral combinations of fimple ideas of different kinds, I have called mixed modes, to diftinguish them from the more fimple modes, which confift only of fimple ideas of the fame kind. These mixed modes, being alfo fuch combinations of fimple ideas, as are not looked upon to be characteristical marks of any real beings that have a fteady existence, but fcattered and independent ideas put together by the mind, are thereby distinguished from the complex ideas of fubftances.

§2. Made by the Mind.

THAT the mind, in refpect of its fimple ideas, is wholly paffive, and receives them all from the existence and operations of things, fuch as fenfation or reflection. offers them, without being able to make any one idea, experience shows us; but, if we attentively confider thefe ideas I call mixed modes, we are now fpeaking of, we fhall find their original quite different. The mind often exercifes an active power in making these feveral