The United States Government makes no direct appropriation of moneys for the support of the elementary public schools, but has set aside for that purpose in each of the newer States a certain portion of the public domains two sections' (or square miles) in each township six miles square, the proceeds from the sale of which form the chief part of the permanent school funds of those States, the income alone being used for the support of the schools. This income is supplemented by State and local taxation, so that it constitutes about five per cent. of the total school revenue of all the States. In 1901-2 the amount expended on public schools of elementary and secondary grades was 235, 208, 465 dollars. The 464 universities and colleges, including the 330 co-educational colleges and the 134 colleges for men only had an income of 25,112,169 dollars from productive funds, from fees, and from United States Government, State, and Municipal appropriations. 43 schools of technology, or those colleges granting only the B.S. or other scientific degrees, had an income of 4,796,613 dollars. The 131 colleges for women had an income of 3,954,462 dollars.

The

The following table for 1902 refers to the public common schools and to the universities and colleges granting the B. A. and higher degrees :

The total number of pupils enrolled in the public common schools was 15,925,887, of whom 8,009,418 were boys and 7,916, 469 girls; of the 439,596 teachers, 122, 392 were male and 317,204 female. In the common school systems

were included 6,292 public high schools, with 22,415 teachers and 550,611 students; of the teachers in these schools 10,958, were male and 11,457 female; of the students 226,914 were male and 323,697 female. There were also 1,835 private high schools and academies with 9,903 teachers (4,073 male and 5,830 female), and 104,690 students (51,536 male and 53,154 female). The public normal schools numbered 173, with 2,487 teachers (1,024 male and 1,463 female), and 49, 403 students (12,209 male and 37,194 female). The private normal schools numbered 109 with 790 teachers (445 male and 345 female), and 15.665 students (7,484 male and 8,181 female). Of the professors and teachers of college and graduate students in the 464 universities and colleges, 7,956 were male and 995 female; of the students 66,325 were male and 22,507 female. In the preparatory departments of these colleges were (not included in the table) 46,602 pupils (32,094 male, and 14,508 female). There were also 43 schools of technology and other institutions conferring only the B. S. or other scientific degrees (not included in the table), with 1,424 professors and instructors (1,292 male and 132 female), and 16,741 students (14,866 male and 1,875 female). Of colleges for women there were 131 with 2,430 professors and teachers (670 male and 1,760 female), and the students numbered 24,470, including preparatory. The professional and allied schools, not included in the colleges given above, were as follows in 1901-2:

General summary of statistics of professional and allied schools.

The following table gives statistics of the school and college population in the United States in 1901-2:

The miscellaneous in the above table includes such institutions as schools of art, music, elocution, and oratory, as well as private evening schools and schools of various arts not elsewhere included.

The Bureau of Education, in the Report for 1899-1900, gives statistics of 5,383 public, society, and school libraries, cach containing over 1,000 volumes, the total being 44,591,851 volumes. Of those libraries 3,654 contain between 1,000 and 5,000 volumes each; 866 between 5,000 and 10,000 each; 526 between 10,000 and 25,000 each; 193 between 25,000 and 50,000 each; 90 between 50,000 and 100,000 each; 54 above 100,000 each. The increase in the number of libraries in five years was 1,357, and the increase in the number of volumes, 11,539,979 or 35 per cent. There was an average of 14,118 persons to a library, and 59 volumes to each hundred of the estimated population.

In 1902 there were in the United States 2,167 daily newspapers, 14,430 weeklies, 480 semi-weeklies, 2,657 monthlies, 257 semi-monthlies, and 339 other periodicals. The total number of periodicals was then 20,330; in 1880 the total number was 11,403; and in 1890, 17,760.

Justice and Crime.

The judicial system, like the executive and legislative systems, is dual. The Federal Government maintains courts for the trial of civil causes arising out of the admiralty, patent, banking, and other laws of the United States; of certain causes between citizens of different States; and of crimes against the United States. These crimes are few in number, and the criminal jurisdiction of United States courts is comparatively insignificant, extending only to piracy, murder on the high seas, offences against the postal and revenue laws, and the like. Almost all offences against the person and against property are dealt with by the State courts; also all civil causes where the parties are residents of the same State, and matters of probate, divorce, and bankruptcy (when, as now, there is no Federal bankruptcy law).

In the separate States the lowest courts are those held by Justices of the Peace, or, in towns and cities, by Police Judges. In the counties, courts of record are held, some by local county officers, others by District or Circuit Judges, who go from county to county. In these courts there are usually the grand and petty jury. The highest court in each State is the Supreme Court, or Court of Final Appeal, with a Chief Justice and Associate Judges. These judges are usually elected by the people, but sometimes appointed by the Governor, with or without the Senate or Council; they usually hold office for terms of years, but sometimes practically for life or during good behaviour. Their salaries vary from 2,500 dollars to 7,500 dollars.

Of the Federal Courts the lowest are those of the districts, of which there are about 60, each State forming one or more districts. These courts may try any case of crime against the United States not punishable with death. Above these are nine Circuit Courts, each with a Circuit Judge, with or without the

local District Judge; but one or two District Judges may by themselves hold a Circuit Court. The Circuit Court Judges appoint commissioners, whose duty it is to arrest, examine, and commit persons accused of crime against the United States, and to assist the Circuit and District Judges in taking evidence for the trial of such persons. These duties may, however, be performed by a judge or magistrate of either a State or the Federal Government. Each of the nine Justices of the Supreme Court must hold a Court in one of the nine cir? cuits at least once every two years, and with each may be associated the Circuit or District Judge. There are also circuit appeal courts. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and eight Associate Judges, appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. It deals with appeals from inferior courts, and has original jurisdiction in cases affecting foreign ministers and consuls, and those in which a State is a party. The Chief Justice has a salary of 10,500 dollars, and each of the Associate Judges 10,000 dollars.

Other courts with criminal jurisdiction are the Court of the District of Columbia and those of the Territories.

In 1890 there were 82,329 prisoners in the United States, of whom 75,924 were men and 6,405 women. Of the total, 57,310 were white and 25,019 coloured. Of the white, 40,471 were native, and 15,932 were foreign-born. Of the coloured, 24, 277 were negroes, 407 Chinese, 322 Indians, and 13 Japanese. In 1890 there were 14,846 inmates of juvenile reformatories.

In 1890 there were 45,233 convicts in penitentiaries; 30,546 were white and 14,687 coloured; of the white, 12,842 were born of native parents, 8,331 of one or both) foreign parents, and 7,267 were foreign born. Of the total, 1,791 were women. In 1890, there were 14,846 inmates of juvenile reformatories.

Pauperism.

Although there are poor-laws in the States the statistics of pauperism, except for indoor paupers, are not recorded. The total number of indoor paupers in 1880 was 66,203; in 1890 the number was 73,045, of whom 40,741 were males and 32,304 females. Of the total in 1890, 66,578 were white, and 6,467 coloured; of the white, 36,656 were native, and 27,648 were foreign-born. Of the coloured 6,418 were negroes, 36 Indians, and 13 Chinese. The number of out-door paupers reported in 1890 was 24,220-probably far below the truth. The expense of the alms-houses is given at 2, 409, 445 dollars. Finance.

I. FEDERAL.

The following table exhibits the total net revenue and the total ordinary expenditure of the United States in the twelve fiscal years, ended June 30, 1903 :