trade of the New Guinea Company. The chief harbours are Friedrich Wilhelmshafen, Berlinhafen, Konstantinhafen. The seat of Government is Herbertshöhe in the Bismarck Archipelago and Stephansort. Estimated revenue and expenditure of German New Guinea for the year 1904-5, 1,016,000 marks, including 907,000 marks of Imperial subvention. 2. Bismarck Archipelago.-In November 1884 a German Protectorate was declared over the New Britain Archipelago and several adjacent groups of islands, which were then renamed together the Bismarck Archipelago. The chief islands of this archipelago are Neu Pommern (formerly New Britain), Neu Mecklenburg (New Ireland), Neu Lauenburg (Duke of York Islands), and New Hannover, Admiralty, Anchorite, Commerson, Hermit, and other islands. White population (1903) 277 (182 German). Wesleyan and Catholic missions are at work. The New Guinea Company has a trading station at Matupi. Imports in 1902-03, 1,637,433 marks; exports, 918,994 marks (copra, 707,703 marks). In 1902-03 the archipelago was visited by 287 merchant vessels of 146,868 tons. 3. Solomon Islands.-Germany owns part of this group, including the islands of Bougainville and Buka, but Choiseul, Isabel or Mahaga, and various smaller islands to the cast of Bougainville were transferred to Great Britain November 14, 1899. Sandal wood and tortoiseshell are the chief commercial products. The German islands are placed under the officials of Kaiser Wilhelm's Land. 4. The Caroline, Pelew (or Palau), and Marianne (or Ladrone) Islands. -By treaty of February 12, 1899, these islands, with the exception of Guam (the largest of the Marianne Islands), which had been ceded to the United States in 1898, passed on October 1, 1899, from Spanish to German possession. The purchase price paid by Germany was 16,810,000 marks (about 840,000l.). For administrative purposes the islands are divided into three groups: the Eastern Carolines, with Ponapé as the seat of Government; the Western Carolines and the Pelew Islands, with Yap as administrative centre; and the Marianne Islands, where the Island of Saipan is the seat of government. All the three groups for the present form part of the German New Guinea Protectorate. White population (1903): East Carolines, 88 (27 German); West Carolines, 51 (8 German); Marianne Islands, 83 (7 German). The native population of the East Carolines (1901) was 42,142. The estimated expenditure on these possessions for the year 1904-5 is 328,600 marks, of which 168,400 marks is contributed by the Imperial Government. Imports into East and West Carolines (1902), 442,451 marks; exports, 282,183 marks (mostly copra). Marianne Islands: imports (1902), 57,790 marks; exports, 175,676. The Carolines consist of about 500 coral islets, Ponapé having about 2,000 inhabitants, Yap 3,000, and Kusai 400. The population is mainly of Malay origin, with some Chinese and Japanese. The chief export is copra. The Pelew (Palau) Islands, to the west of the Carolines, are about 26 in number, mostly coral, many of them uninhabited ; the largest is Babelthuap, which contains the bulk of the population. The German Marianne Islands, to the north of Pelew, are smalland sparsely peopled, their northern group being actively volcanic and uninhabited. 5. Marshall Islands.-The Marshall Islands, consisting of two chains or rows of lagoon islands, known respectively as Ratack (with thirteen islands) and Ralick (with eleven islands), have belonged to Germany since 1885. European population in 1903, 77 (51 German). Other population, 15,000. The cost of administration is borne by the Jaluit Company. The chief island WESTERN PACIFIC 707 and seat of the German Imperial Commissioner is Jaluit. The most populous island is Majeru with 2,600 inhabitants; several of the islands are uninhabited. Protestant (American) and Catholic missions are at work. There are plantations of coco-palm (2,700 acres). Imports in 1902, 487,679 marks; exports, 504, 845 marks. The chief export is copra. The Islands were visited by 78 merchant vessels of 11,733 tons in 1902. 6. Samoan Islands.-Among German dependencies are included Savaii and Upolu, the largest of the Samoan or Navigator Islands. The whole group had formed the subject of a conference at Berlin in 1889, when an Act was signed by the representatives of Great Britain, Germany, and the United States, guaranteeing the neutrality and independence of the islands, and recognising the right of the natives to elect their King and to follow their own laws and customs. To the three signatory powers there were reserved equal rights of residence, trade, and personal protection. This arrangement continued in force till 1898, when King Malietoa Laupepa died, and disturbances arose regarding the succession. A joint commission which was appointed recommended, among other measures, the abolition of the kingship. The result was that, by the Anglo-German Agreement of November 14, 1899, accepted and ratified by the United States in January, 1900, Great Britain renounced all rights over the islands in favour of Germany as regards Savaii and Upolu, and in favour of the United States as regards Tutuila and other islands. Claims for compensation for losses caused by military operations during the disturbances were referred for arbitration to the King of Sweden, who decided that the British and American Governments are responsible for injuries due to their action. Under the German Imperial Governor there is a native High Chief with a native council at the head of local administration, the several districts being administered by chiefs. Justice is administered by native as well as European judges and magistrates. Savaii has a length of about 47 miles and an area of about 660 square miles; Upolu has about the same length with an area of 340 square miles. Both islands are mountainous, fertile, and well watered. Several adjacent islets, exceedingly fertile and populous, are included in the German de. pendency. The port of Apia is in Upolu. The inhabitants of the islands are Polynesians, nominally Christian (Protestant, Catholic, and Mormon), but native superstitions are prevalent. The population as determined by a census carried out between August 15 and October 15, 1900, numbered 32,612, distributed as follows:-Upolu, 18,341; Manono and Apolima, 1,070; Savaii, 13,201. There were in 1903 381 white inhabitants (192 German). Primary instruction is given in the schools of English and American Protestant missions and French Catholic missions, the German language being generally taught. Some progress is being made in the construction of roads, of which about 60 miles are in good order. The revenue and expenditure for 1904-5 were estimated at 586,000 marks, including 235,450 marks of Imperial subvention. Trade is in the hands of German, British and American firms. The Deutsche Samoa Gesellschaft carries on plantation and trade. Chinese labourers are imported. The staple product is cocoa. In 1902 the imports amounted to 2,428,000 marks, and the exports to 1,931,000 marks. imports are chiefly haberdashery, kerosene, provisions, &c., mainly from Australia and New Zealand. The chief exports are copra and cocoa beans. In 1902, 141 vessels of 44,585 tons entered at the port of Apia. The The currency is in marks but English and American gold and silver coin are legal tender: 17. = = 20 42 marks; 5 U.S. dollars 20 95 marks. British Vice-consul at Apia.-T. Trood. BOOKS OF REFERENCE ON GERMAN DEPENDENCIES. Angra Pequeña. Copy of Despatch from the Earl of Derby to H.M.'s High Commission in S. Africa relative to the Establishment of a German Protectorate at Angra Pequeña and along the Coast. London, 1884. Arrangement between Great Britain and Gerinany relative to their respective Spheres in Africa. London, 1885 The same with reference to New Guinea. London, 1885. Budget of the German Protectorates. Annual. Berlin. Bastian (A.), die Mikronesischen Colonien aus ethnologischen Geschichtspunkten. Berlin, 1899. Baum (H.), Kolonial wirtschaftliches Komitee. Kunene-Sambesi Expedition. Beriin, 1903. Baumann (Oscar), In Deutsch Ostafrika während des Aufstandes. 8. Vienna, 1890. Usambara und seine Nachbargebiete. 8. Berlin, 1891. Boyd (Mary S.), Our Stolen Summer. [Samoa, &c.] London, 1900. Bülow (F. J. von), Deutsch Südwest-Africa: Drei Jahre im Lande Hendrik Witboois. 2nd ed. Berlin, 1899. Christian (F. W.), The Caroline Islands. London, 1899. Churchill (LI. P.), Samoa 'Uma. London, 1902. Annual. Berlin. Churchward (W. B.), My Consulate in Samoa. London, 1887. Deutscher Kolonial-Kalender. Berlin. Annual. Die deutsche Kolonial-Gesetzgebung. 6 parts. Berlin, 1893-1903. Berlin (fort Dominik (H.), Kamerun : Sechs Kriegs-und Friedensjahre in deutschen Tropen. Berlin, 1901. Ehlers (O. E.), Samoa die Perle der Sudsee à jour Gefasst. Berlin, 1900. Finsch (Otto), Karolinen und Marianen. Hamburg, 1900. Fitzner (R.), Deutches Kolonial Handbuch. Berlin, 1896. François (H. von), Nama und Damara. Deutsch-Süd-west-Afrika. 8. Magdeburg, 1895. Franzius (G.), Kiautschou, Deutschlands Erwerbung in Ostasien. 3rd ed. Berlin, 1898. Gareis (D. K.), Deutsches Kolonialrecht. Giessen, 1902. Hesse-Wartegg (E. von), Schantung und Deutsch-China. Leipzig, 1898.-Samoa, Bismarckarchipel und Neu Guinea. Leipzig, 1962. Hessler (K.), Die Deutschen Kolonien. Leipzig, 1900. Hirth (F.), Schantung und Kiau-tschóu. München, 1898. Höhnel (L. von), Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stephanie. [Translated by N. Bell. 2 vols. 8. London, 1894. Hutter (F.). Wanderungen und Forschungen im Nord-Hinterland von Braunschweig. 1902. Ibañez y Garcia (L. de), Historia de las Islas Marianas, &c. Granada, 1886. Jahresbericht der deutschen Kolonialgesellschaft. Berlin. Johnston (Sir H.), The Colonisation of Africa. Cambridge, 1899. Keltie (J. S.), The Partition of Africa. 2nd ed. London, 1895. Kamerun. Beiträge zur Kolonialpolitik und Kolonialwirthschaft. Herausgegeben von der deutschen Kolonialgesellschaft, 1899, Heft 1, gr. 8°. Berlin. Krämer (A.), Die Samoa Inseln. Vol. I. Stuttgart, 1902. Krieger (M.), and others, Neu-Guinea. Berlin, 1899. Kurze (G.), Samoa, Das Land, die Leute und die Mission. Berlin, 1899. Langhans (P.), Deutschlands Kolonial Atlas. Gotha, 1895-97. Leue (A.), Dar-es-Salaam. Berlin, 1903. Meyer (H.), Der Kilimandjaro. Berlin 1900. Mitteilungen aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten (nach amtlichen Quellen). Bd. 1-11. Berlin, 1889-98. 8. [Von Bd. 4 (1891) ab: deutschen Kolonialblatt."] "Wissenschaftliche Beihefte zum amtlichen Monfat (A.), Les Samoa. Lyon, 1890. Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelm's Land und den Bismarck-Archipel. Herausgegeben von der Neu-Guinea Kompagnie. Berlin (at intervals). Peters (Dr. Karl), Das deutsch-ostafrikanische Schuzgebiet. 8. München und Leipzig, 1895. Pfeil (J. Graf), Studien und Beobachtungen aus der Südsee. Brunswick, 1899. Reinecke (F.), Samoa. Berlin, 1901. Turner (G.), Samoa a Hundred Years Ago and Long Before. London, 1884. Richthofen (F. von), Schantung und seine Eingangspforte Kiautschon. Berlin, 1898. Sadebeck (R.), Die Kulturgewäsche der deutschen Kolonien und ihre Erjungnisse 8°. Jena, 1899. Sammlung geographischer und kolonialpolitischer Schriften. Nos. 1-7. Berlin, 1897. Schwabe (Lieut.), Mit Schwert und Pflug in Deutsch Snd west-Afrika. Berlin, 1899. Stair (J. B.), Old Samoa. London, 1897. Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich. Berlin. Stevenson (R. L.), A Footnote to History. London, 1892.-Vailima Letters. London, 1895 Wegener (G.), Deutschland in der Südsee. Bielefeld, 1903. Weissbuch. Annual. Berlin. Wohltmann (F.), Der Plantagenbau in Kamerun und seine Zukunft. 8. Berlin, 1896. Zintgrapf (Eugen), Nord-Kamerun. 8. Berlin, 1895. STATES OF GERMANY. ALSACE-LORRAINE. (REICHSLAND ELSASS-LOTHRINGEN.) Constitution. The fundamental laws under which the Reichsland, or Imperial Land, of Alsace-Lorraine is governed were voted by the German Reichstag June 9, 1871, June 20, 1872, June 25, 1873, May 2, 1877, July 4, 1879, September 28, 1885, and December 11, 1889. By the law of June 9, 1871, it is enacted, "The provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, ceded by France in the peace preliminaries of February 26, 1871, under limits definitely fixed in the Treaty of Peace of May 10, 1871, shall be for ever united with the German Empire.' The Constitution of the German Empire was introduced in Alsace-Lorraine on January 1, 1874. In May, 1901, the provision for dictatorship in matters of organisation and administration was abolished. The administration of Alsace-Lorraine is under a Governor-General, bearing the title of 'Statthalter.' Statthalter of Alsace-Lorraine.-Prince Hohenlohe-Langenburg, appointed October 30, 1894. According to the constitutional law of July 4, 1879, the Emperor appoints the Statthalter, who exercises power as the representative of the Imperial Government, having his residence at Strassburg. A Ministry composed of four departments, with a responsible Secretary of State at its head, acts under the Statthalter, who also is assisted by a Council of State, comprising the Statthalter as President, the Secretary of State, the three UnderSecretaries of State, the President of the Chief Provincial Court of Justice, the Attorney-General, and eight to twelve other members appointed by the Emperor, of whom three are presented by the Landesausschuss, or Provincial Committec. This Committee, which attends to local legislation, consists of 58 members. Area and Population. The Reichsland has an area of 14,513 square kilometers or 5,604 English square miles. It is administratively divided into three Bezirke, or districts, called Ober-Elsass, Unter-Elsass, and Lothringen, which are sub-divided, Ober-Elsass into 6. Unter-Elsass into 8, and Lothringen into 9 circles. The following table shows the area, population, and the inhabitants per square mile of each of the districts and of the whole : The population on December 1, 1900, consisted of 880,437 males, and 839,033 females. The annual increase of population from 1885 to 1890 and from 1890 to 1895 was at the rate of 0.5 per cent. ; that from 1895 to 1900, 0.9 per cent. According to an official estimate (1900), 198,300 are of French origin (Sprachstamme), and 1,492,300 of German origin. Foreigners numbered 65,251 in 1900, a larger number in proportion to population than any of the other States of the Empire. The garrison (1900) consisted of 78,858 men. In 1900, 48.1 per cent. of the population resided in towns of 2,000 inhabitants and upwards; 519 per cent. in rural communes. The three largest towns are Strassburg (151,041 inhabitants in 1900), the capital of AlsaceLorraine Mülhausen (89,118 inhabitants), in Ober-Elsass; and Metz (58,462 inhabitants), in Lothringen. Marriages, 1902, 12,896; births, 54,342; deaths, 35,233; surplus of births, 19,109. Of the births, 1,624 (2.99 per cent.) were still-born, and 3,873 (7.13 per cent.) were illegitimate. The emigration viâ German and foreign ports to extra-European countries was as follows in three years:-1900, 492; 1901, 487; in 1902, 763. Of the emigrants in 1902, 729 went to the United States. Religion, Instruction, Justice and Crime. At the census of December 1, 1900, there were in the Reichsland 1,310,450 Catholics, 372,078 Protestants, 4,416 members of other Christian sects, 32,264 Jews; other religions, 18, and 244 unclassified. (See also German Empire.) In 1900 the Reichsland contained a university (at Strassburg, see German Empire), 17 Gymnasia, 5 Progymnasien, 3 higher Realschulen, 11 Realschulen (4 united with gymnasia), 1 agricultural school, 7 seminaries, 5 preparatory schools for teachers, 71 higher girls' schools, 2,837 elementary schools, 85 private elementary schools, 450 infant schools, 38 intermediate schools, 4 institutions for the deaf and dumb, 2 for the blind, 2 for idiots. Alsace-Lorraine has an Oberlandesgericht at Colmar, and six Landgerichte. In 1901, 12,143 persons were convicted of crime. Finance. The budget estimates of public revenue of Alsace-Lorraine in the year ending March 31, 1903, amounted to 62,264,394 marks, and the estimates of expenditure to 62,072,752 marks. There was also an extraordinary revenue of 7,209,362 marks, and an expenditure of 7,401,004 marks. More than half |