fre

quently injured during the journey, by which means the cost is, sacrificed, whilst, on the contrary, gin is always sure to produce a clear and immediate profit.

The scarcity of salt is still greater than that of bread; on our arrival a few pounds of salt were considered as a valuable present, and great as was their partiality for spirits, those who brought us fish, berries, or game, were infinitely more thankful for a little of the former, than when we rewarded their labours with gin, which I scarcely ever gave to them.'-' Black bread, and fish dressed without sauce or spice, without salt, vinegar, or pepper, are the only provisions which the officers, as well as the men, are able, for a constancy, to set upon their tables. There is nothing a hardy soldier will not endure so long as he is in good health; but if he falls sick, to what a wretched, miserable, helpless condition is he reduced! No physician, no medicine, no reviving draught, nor strengthening diet, are to be procured at St. Peter and St. Paul.'

Notwithstanding these discouraging circumstances, the author is of opinion that considerable improvements may be effected in the situation of this very wretched settlement. The climate, he maintains, (Vol. ii. p. 220.) is less unfavourable at a distance from the sea, and would enable the inhabitants to grow corn, and many kinds of vegetables. Along the coast, the great annoyance arises from frequency of fogs; which, however, are by no means insurmountable obstacles to the cultivation of vegetables. The destitute state of the settlement is chiefly owing to the indolence of the inhabitants and their immoderate use of spirituous liquors; since, whatever may be the scarcity of other articles, gin is always to be obtained. Were this harbour frequented by ships from Europe, a large portion of the adjoining continent might be supplied with foreign goods from our quarter of the globe, instead of having them dragged, by over-land carriage, across the whole of Russia and Siberia. A residence at Kamtschatka has been deemed so great a penance, that the Russian government found it necessary to offer double pay to the officers and soldiers who go thither, with liberty to return at the end of five years, and with a certainty of additional advantage if they choose to remain. Indeed, nothing less than temptations of this nature are necessary; for such is the starving state of the settlement of Petropaulosk, that the number of horned cattle does not exceed twenty, and the Governor took the trouble of sending more than four hundred miles for a pitiful supply of five oxen.

In St. Peter and St. Paul there were only two houses at all better than the rest, one of which was inhabited by Major Krupskoi, the commandant of the fort, and the other by two artillery officers Both of these houses, one of them of considerable size, consisted of very habitable rooms, kitchens, store-rooms, &c., and both, particularly that of the Major, might, with very little alteration and decent furniture, be rendered very tolerable dwellings. Although,

even

even in the condition in which we saw them, they were the very ornament of Kamtschatka, the furniture of the anti-room consisted merely of a wooden stool, a table, and two or three broken chairs. There was neither earthen-ware nor porcelain table-service: no glasses, decanters, nor any thing of a similar nature: two or three tea-cups, one glass, a few broken knives and forks, and some pewter spoons, constituted the wealth of these good people, who were both married. But what most of all distressed me was the condition of their windows: they had not double sashes, which, in a cold climate, are as necessary to health as to comfort; but such even as they had were in a very wretched condition. The panes were of glass, but notwithstanding their extreme smallness they were all of them broken, and made of pieces fitted together. They afforded no protection against the snow and frost; and I could not, without feelings of commiseration, behold the children, who in no part of the world are brought up so wretchedly as here. Milk, when the parents are sufficiently rich to keep a cow, (and few are in this condition,) is the only thing with which they are nourished. Jukula and coarse black bread is hard food for a child from twelve to eighteen months old, and must, in' case of any obstruction, contribute to terminate their existence.

The houses of the other inhabitants are invariably ill built, and all of so little elevation that, during the winter, they are entirely covered with snow. From the door a path-way is cut through the snow, and this, as it forms a thick wall round the house, may indeed contribute to the warmth, but must necessarily occasion a very unhealthy atmosphere within them, as it rises considerably above the house, and prevents the possibility of introducing any ventilator. They have therefore no fresh air throughout the winter in any of the rooms; and it is to this, and to the badness of their provisions, that I, in a great measure, ascribe the pallid hue of all the inhabitants, even of the youngest females.'

[To be continued.]

ART. II. A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland; exhibiting the Names of the several Cities, Towns, Parishes, and Villages, with the Barony, County, and Province, to which they respectively belong; the Valuation and present State of the Ecclesiastical Benefices; the Distance and Bearing of every Place from the nearest Post-Office, and of the Post-Offices from the Metropolis; -Fairs;-Members of Parliament, and Corporations; -CharterSchools; and Assizes. To which is added, Miscellaneous Information respecting Monastic Foundations, and other Matters of Local History. Collected from the most authentic Documents, and arranged in alphabetical Order. Being a Continuation of the Topography of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire land. By Nicholas Carlisle, Fellow and Secretary of the Society ⚫ of Antiquaries of London. 4to. 21. 12s. 6d. Boards. Nicol and Son.

WIT

ITH that spirit of patient research, and that sollicitude to obtain the most authentic information, which were so

laudably

laudably displayed in his Dictionaries of England and Wales *, Mr. Carlisle has prosecuted his inquiries relative to the topography of Ireland; and, as an antiquary and ecclesiastical reporter, he has executed his task in a very able manner. For a book of reference on all the subjects specified in the title, this Dictionary will be found extremely useful: but for local and picturesque description it will often be deemed deficient, since this is an article not included in the bill of fare. To the state of the Irish Protestant Church, Mr. C. has paid the most minute attention; and, in the preface, which fully enumerates the sources of his information, he has properly adverted to the order made by the House of Commons in 1805, for returns from the several dioceses in Ireland, and to the instructions sent by Earl Spencer by his Majesty's command in 1806 to the Lord-lieutenant, empowering him to obtain from the bishops a particular account of the present state of the Established Church of Ireland: subjoining also a list of the several queries which were addressed, by virtue of this order, to the bishops in their respective provinces. The answers to these questions being found to contain many valuable remarks, the House of Commons ordered in 1807 that they should be printed; and this document has furnished Mr. C. with a multitude of particulars which must be regarded as authentic..

Mention is also made of the publications which have preceded the work before us, in illustrating the Topography of Ireland, viz. The Post-Chaise Companion; or Traveller's Directory through Ireland, printed at Dublin in 8vo., 1786; — The Hibernian Ga zetteer, &c., by Wm. Wenman Seward, Esq., Dublin, 1789; — The Topographia Hibernia, by the same gentleman, Dublin 1797, 4to.;and Memoir of a Map of Ireland, by the Rev. Dr. Beaufort; which last, as Mr. Carlisle remarks, under this modest title, contains a succinct account of the civil and ecclesiastical state of Ireland, and an index of all the places which appear on the map.' In the compilation of a Dictionary like the present, the index of Dr. Beaufort must have been of singular use; and we cannot, on this occasion, abstain from expressing a wish that Mr. C. had formed a map on the plan of that of Dr. B., (which he calls truly original,') for the illustration of his own volume, the value of which would have been much improved by this addition. On former occasions, we have adverted to this desideratum; and we should be happy to find the author availing himself of the hint in a subsequent edition.

Though pains have been taken to obtain information on the state of the poor, and on the amount of the population of

See M. R., Vol. lvi., N. S., p. 415.; and Vol. lxxi., p.406. 5

Ireland,

Ireland, Mr. Carlisle has not been able to give statements on these subjects with the precision with which they appear in his Dictionaries of England and Wales: but he has accomplished all that was in his power. He tells us that the orthography of the names of parishes has been determined by a careful comparison of the Diocesan Returns, Dr. Beaufort's Memoir, and other topographical books.'

The civil and ecclesiastical divisions of Ireland being very imperfectly understood on this side of the Irish Channel, Mr. C. has subjoined a sketch of both, which we shall quote:

As the reader may require an explanation of that part of the work which relates to the Provinces, it is proper to mention, that Ireland is divided, with respect to its civil or political distinctions, into the four provinces of Ulster, Leinster, Connaught, and Munster, which are subdived into thirty-two counties, in the, following

manner :

The province of Uler comprises the nine northern counties, being those of Antrim, Armagh, Cavan, Donnegal, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry, Monaghan, and Tyrone. Together with the great body of water, Lough Neagh, which, according to Dr. Beaufort, covers 58,200 acres.

The province of Leinster comprises the twelve eastern counties, being Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King's County, Longford, Louth, Meath, Queen's County, West Meath, Wexford and Wicklow..

The province of Connaught comprises the five western coun ties, being Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, Roscommon, and Sligo.

The province of Munster comprises the six southern counties, being Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford.

An

With respect to its Church Establishment, Ireland is divided into the four Provinces of Armagh, Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam. archbishop presides over each. These provinces are subdivided into thirty-two dioceses, which are united or consolidated under eighteen bishops, in the following order: -The Archbishop of Armagh, who is Lord Primate and Metropolitan of all Ireland, presides over the eight suffragan Bishops of Ardagh, Clogher, Derry, Down and Connor, Dromore, Kilmore, Meath*, and Raphoe, in the northern province,

The Archbishop of Dublin, who is Lord Primate of Ireland, presides over the three suffragan Bishops of Kildare, Leighlin and Ferns, and Ossory, in the Eastern Province.

The Archbishop of Cashel, who is Lord Primate of Munster, presides over the five suffragan Bishops of Cloyne, Cork and Ross, Killaloe and Kilfenora, Limerick and Ardfert and Aghadoe, Water ford and Lismore, in the southern province.

The Bishop of Meath has precedence of all bishops, and next to him the Bishop of Kildare. The other bishops take place according to the date of their consecration.'

• The

The Archbishop of Tuam, who is Lord Primate of Connaught, presides over the three suffragan Bishops of Clonfert and Kilmacduagh, Elphin, and Killala and Achonry, in the western province.

The number of deaneries in this kingdom is thirty-three, and of archdeaconries thirty-four. But the archdeacons, according to Dr. Beaufort, have not a visitatorial jurisdiction: the government of the Church of Ireland, which is in most things conformable to that of England, differing with respect to visitations: for in Ireland, the bishops hold a visitation annually, and the archbishop visits his suffragans every third year.

When the Province therefore is mentioned, in succession to the County, it is to be understood with reference to the civil jurisdiction. And, on the other hand, when the Province is noticed, in its order with the Diocese, it applies to the Established Church.'

As to distances and bearings, the author states them from actual admeasurements, when they can be obtained; and when these were not to be procured, recourse has been had to measuring on the map, making due allowances. It is also observed, for the information of strangers, that eleven Irish miles are equal to fourteen English miles.

The state of the representation having been altered by the Union, an abstract from the act which passed in 1801 is given in Mr. Carlisle's preface; whence it appears that four Lords Spiritual of Ireland, by rotation of Sessions, and twenty-eight Lords Temporal, elected for life by the peers of that country, are to be added to the Imperial House of Lords; and a hundred commoners to be chosen to sit and vote on the part of Ireland in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

To the preface, Mr. C. has subjoined a convenient Glossary, or Explanation of some of those Irish Words which most frequently occur in composition, with the Names of Places; and, in a tabular form, an Abstract of the Ecclesiastical Establishment of Ireland, in the Year 1807. Omitting the divisions into Provinces and Dioceses, we shall mention the grand results. It appears from this abstract that Ireland contains 1181 benefices, 476 unions, 1057 churches, 238 benefices without churches, 456 glebe-houses, 725 benefices without glebe houses, 830 benefices with glebes, 351 benefices without glebes, 589 incumbents actually resident on their respective benefices, 140 incumbents who have no houses in their parishes, but who live sufficiently near to discharge the duties, 279 incumbents who reside on their livings, 87 incumbents who are absent with permission, 26 incumbents who are absent without permission, 21 vacant livings, 31 sinecures, and 51 impropriations. We have quoted this enumeration to enable our readers to judge of the state of the Irish Protestant church, which is differently circumstanced

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