How infinite then is that PoWER who could organize such an atom of matter, and give it life and motion!—and how transcendent in goodness, to endue it also with the means of enjoying its existence! And surely, that Being, by whom such things can be effected, can likewise bestow on vegetables a capacity to enjoy their own state of life; and by which, too, the sum of happiness in the universe will be abundantly multiplied!'

Such is a faint outline of the train of Mr. Tupper's speculations: but the metaphysician and the physiologist, who would duly appreciate the weight and the catenation of his ideas, must resort to the pages in which they are recorded. — The additional observations are well calculated to corroborate his doctrines; and the doctrines themselves, without being highly fanciful or extravagant, are urged with singular modesty, and expressed in correct and elegant language. To the general spirit of the author's sentiments, and of the arguments by which he supports them, we cordially subscribe: but all his ingenuity has failed to convince us that brute animals are destitute of a cer tain degree of rationality and intelligence. To this latter topic, we have, on various occasions, incidentally adverted; and we cannot at present afford to discuss it in detail: but those persons, who have most diligently watched the manners of the brute creation, do not require to be informed of the diversities of talent and character which are exhibited by individuals of the same species, of the changes induced on their natural habits by domestication, of the educational acquirements of some of the most sagacious, of concerted plans executed by the more social tribes, of the tricks and stratagems practised by some birds to decoy the intruder from their young, of wonderful instances of memory in the horse, the dog, and the elephant, and of a change of conduct in the same individual wild animal, resulting from the observation and experience which are the consequences of age. Are such phænomena resolvable into the dictates of blind impulse, or instinct? The latter is, no doubt,, a very convenient term: but it is, in many cases, à mere expression of our ignorance of motives, or of the origin of those proceedings which we cannot readily ascribe to the reasoning process. The Wolf was certainly never celebrated for his mental refinement, or for any uncommon share of sagacity; and yet, in the history of his life, we read a comment that will startle those who are strangers to his habits and practices. They who have been much addicted to the hunting of this animal have remarked a very sensible difference between the proccedings of a young and raw, and those of a full-grown and instructed individual of the species. Young wolves, after having passed two months in the litter, during which period they are fed by their parents, afterward follow their dam, which is no longer REV. MAY, 1814.

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able to answer the demands of their daily increasing voracity. In her society, and instructed by her example, they tear live animals in pieces, try their fortune in the chace, and gradually provide for the common wants of the family. The habitual exercise of rapine, under the guidance of an experienced mother, communicates to them, every day, some ideas relative to the pursuit of their object. They become acquainted with the retreats of their game; their senses are alive to all sorts of impressions, which they gradually discriminate; and they correct precipitate or erroneous judgments by the sense of smell. When they are eight or nine months old, their mother leaves them to their own devices, and goes in quest of a male: but the young family still continue united for some time, till their ravenous propensities no longer admit participation of spoil. The strongest then remain masters of the spot, and the more weakly retire to seek subsistence in other quarters. When they surmount this critical period, their augmented strength and instruction multiply their facilities of existence; and they are enabled to attack large animals, one of which will afford them nourishment for several days. They carefully conceal the remnants of their repast, but without relaxing their zeal in the chace; and they have recourse to their hidden morsels only when the pursuit has proved unsuccessful. Such are some of the purely natural habitudes of the wolf: but they are wonderfully modified in those districts in which he dreads the approach of man; and in which the constant necessity of shunning snares, and providing for safety, compels him to extend the sphere of his activity, and to exercise his ideas on a greater number of objects. His procedure, which is naturally free and bold, now becomes circumspect and timid; his appetite is often unsatisfied, from fear; and he distinguishes the sensations recalled by memory, from those which are furnished by the actual use of his faculties. At the moment, therefore, when he scents a flock, confined in a park, the idea of the shepherd and his dog is also present to his thoughts; and, balancing the different impressions, he eyes the height of the inclosure, compares it with his strength, judges of the difficulty of clearing it when encumbered with his spoil, and desists from the fruitless or hazardous attempt: whereas, from a flock scattered in an open field, he will seize a sheep even in sight of the shepherd, especially if the neighbourhood of a wood favours his escape. Various other expedients, solely suggested by situation and circumstances, might be mentioned, which Mr. Tupper may perhaps be inclined to ascribe to spontaneous exertion: but this term involves in its very essence the notion of will, and will implies choice, deliberation, or acts of judgment.

ART.

ART. VI. Religion and Policy, and the Countenance and Assistance each should give to the other. With a Survey of the Power and Jurisdiction of the Pope in the Dominions of other Princes. By Edward Earl of Clarendon, Lord High Chancellor of England, and Chancellor of the University of Oxford. 2 Vols. large 8vo. Printed at the Clarendon Press, Oxford. Price 11. 6s. in Sheets. HE authenticity of this posthumous publication is ascertained by the following advertisement:

THE

Henry Viscount Cornbury, who was called up to the House of Peers by the title of Lord Hyde, in the life-time of his father, Henry Earl of Rochester, by a codicil to his will, dated Aug 10. 1751, left divers MSS. of his great grandfather, Edward Earl of Clarendon, to trustees, with a direction that the money to arise from the sale or publication thereof should be employed as a beginning of a Fund for supporting a Manage or Academy for riding and other useful exercises in Oxford;" a plan of this sort having been also recommended by Lord Clarendon in his Dialogue on Education.

Lord Cornbury dying before his father, this bequest did not take effect. But Catharine, one of the daughters of Henry Earl of Rochester, and late Duchess Dowager of Queensberry, whose property these MSS. became, afterwards by deed gave them, together with all the monies which had arisen or might arise from the sale or publication of them, to Dr. Robert Drummond, then Archbishop of York, William then Earl of Mansfield, and Dr. William Markham, then Bishop of Chester, upon trust for the like purposes as those expressed by Lord Hyde in his codicil.

The present trustees, William Earl of Mansfield, John Lord Bishop of London, The Right Hon. Charles Abbot, Speaker of the House of Commons, and the Rev. Dr. Cyril Jackson, (late Dean of Christ Church, Oxford,) having found the following unpublished Work amongst these MSS. have proceeded in the execution of their trust to publish it: and it is presumed that the following informa tion may be sufficient to establish its authenticity.

The Manuscript is comprised in 407 folio pages fairly written, and bears date on the last page, Moulins, 12th Feb. 167. Laurence Earl of Rochester, son of Edward the first Earl of Clarendon, in a letter to the Rev. Dr. Turner, President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, dated Nov. 30. 1710, speaking of this work, calls it a MS. of his father's, intitled Religion and Policy; and says, "It is in the same hand-writing that most of the History was in." And the Earl of Rochester's grandson, Henry Viscount Cornbury, in a memo randum, of the 7th June 1729, prefixed to the MS., describes it in the state in which it is now found, and as the work of the Lord Chancellor Clarendon.

In committing this work to the press, no alteration from the copy has been made, except in the orthography, and where grammatical or verbal inaccuracies have appeared to require it. The work itself has been divided into chapters, according to the author's division of his subject; and a table of contents and an index have been added.”

Though this treatise was penned many years ago, it is very applicable to the question now in debate between Catholics and Government; and, as the noble author appears to have studied the subject with much assiduity, to have taken into his survey all the evidence of history which applies to the case, and to have built his reflections on a series of undeniable facts, his opinion is of great importance. Lord C. was certainly well disposed towards the Catholics, and desirous of their admission to all the privileges of British subjects: but, in consequence of the undefined extent of the Pope's spiritual authority, to which they refer the ultimate direction of their consciences, he conceives that their fidelity can be no longer depended on than the Pope will permit them to be loyal, which is a very loose and insecure title for kings to the duty and loyalty of their subjects." To remove all doubt of the danger of Catholicism, considered in a political point of view, and to render it no more alarming to civil governors than any other religious sect, his Lordship endeavours to convince the members of this church that a slavish submission to the Pope is no essential part of their religion; that the history of pontifical usurpations and tyranny reflects no credit on it; that several Catholic countries disclaim his authority; and that it behoves the Catholic British church to make itself independent of the Papal chair, and to govern itself completely by a general council of its own. Advice similar in

substance we have ventured to offer to the Catholics of Ireland; because, though in the present aspect of affairs, and with the existing general diffusion of knowlege throughout Europe, little fear can be entertained of the repetition of those times in which kings trembled at the frown of the pretended successors of St. Peter, yet to allow of such an anomaly in government as an appeal to an extraneous jurisdiction, whether at Rome or any where else, whether on a civil or a religious account, would be weakness which could effect no good, though it might never do any harm. Catholics do not seem to be sufficiently impressed with the singularity of their case, which, in this respect, differs from that of all other religionists: but, when the state is disposed to concede to them all the privileges of the constitution, they should strive to obviate this difficulty.

Lord Clarendon's present tract, written abroad during his banishment, though full of long sentences, contains no irritating declamation; being intended, by a patient examination of the history of the Popes from their origin to his own time, to convince the Catholic body that their exorbitant affectation of superiority and sovereignty has operated more to the scandal and injury of religion than to its profit. Facts are stubborn things; and with facts in great abundance we are supplied as a basis on

which Lord C. builds his reasoning. The detail presents us, indeed, with a series of transactions which, though indisputable, appear now to be almost incredible; and which shew us that, notwithstanding our Saviour declared his kingdom not to be of this world, his pretended vicars have sought to domineer over all the potentates of the earth. *

It is interesting to inquire into the origin of the pretensions of the See of Rome, into the several stages of its progress in usurpation, and into the consequences which have hence resulted. The pages before us furnish abundant documents on each of these points. Nothing will be found in the New Testament to justify the Bishop of Rome in claiming precedence over other Christian bishops, and nothing which renders it probable that St. Peter was ever Bishop of Rome. It is even very doubtful whether this poor fisherman of the Galilean lake ever saw the capital of the Roman world: but, supposing him to have visited it, he could never have been appointed its bishop. In the apostolic age, the head of the Christian sect there could never have assumed so imposing a title; and Peter in particular would not have done it in a Gentile city; for he was expressly sent to the Circumcision, or to his countrymen the Jews t. If any of the apostles had assumed the title of Bishop of Rome, it would have been St. Paul. Even supposing, however, that Peter was appointed its bishop, we have no evidence of his having named a successor; nor was any notice taken of a series of Popes from him as the first Pope, till the time of Constantine the Great, A. D. 320; and the very uncertainty of the names of the bishops in the series is sufficient to induce a suspicion that the whole account is fabulous. Lord C. places the matter in another point of view:

Though Rome was for some time the seat of the empire and so the place to which men were obliged to resort upon several occasions, yet the place and city itself never appeared to be chosen by God with any peculiar privilege or title for his worship; but on the contrary hath borne the deep marks of his displeasure in being exposed to

*The reader will compare this article with Mr. Eustace's representation of the pontifical character, in p. 39-41. of this Number, and observe the difference between the opinion of a Protestant English nobleman and a Catholic English clergyman.

Lardner, in his notice of Theophilus Bishop of Antioch, quotes a passage from Jerom, in which this father reckons Theophilus as the seventh Bishop of Antioch from St. Peter. Now, if Peter was the first Bishop of Antioch, he could scarcely have been the first Bishop of Rome.

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