After the impression of a sound has ceased entirely, and the mind has been occupied with other things, there is a possibility of recovering from temporary oblivion the idea, or mental effect, without reproducing the actual sound. We remember, or bring back to mind, sights, and sounds, and thoughts, that have not been experienced for months or years. This implies a still higher mode of retentiveness than the previous fact; it supposes that something has been engrained in the mental structure; that an effect has been produced of a kind that succeeding impressions have not been able to blot out. Now, one medium of the restoration to consciousness of a particular past state, is the actual presence of some impression that had often occurred in company with that state. Thus we are reminded of a name-as ship, star, tree-by seeing the thing; the previous concurrence of name and thing has led to a mental companionship between the two. Impressions that have frequently accompanied one another in the mind grow together, so as to become at last almost inseparable: we cannot have one without a disposition or prompting to renew all the rest. This is the highest form of the Retentive, or plastic, property of the mind. It will be exemplified at length under the title of Association by Contiguity.

(3.) The remaining property of Intellect is consciousness of AGREEMENT. Besides the consciousness of difference, the mind is also affected by agreement rising out of partial difference. The continuance of the same impression produces no effect, but after experiencing a certain impression and passing away from it to something else, the recurrence of the first causes a certain shock or start, the shock of recognition; which is all the greater according as the circumstances of the present and of the past occurrence are different. Change produces one effect, the effect called discrimination; Similarity in the midst of change produces a new and distinct effect; and these are the two modes of intellectual stimulation, the two constituents of knowledge. When we see in the child the features of the man, we are struck by agreement in the midst of difference.

This power of recognition, identification, or discovery of

THE DIVISION INTO FACULTIES.

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likeness in unlikeness, is another means of bringing to mind past ideas; and is spoken of as the Associating, or Reproductive principle of SIMILARITY. We are as often reminded of things by their resemblance to something present, as by their previous proximity to what is now in the view. Contiguity and Similarity express two great principles or forces of mental reproduction; they are distinct powers of the mind, varying in degree among individuals-the one sometimes preponderating, and sometimes the other. The first governs Acquisition, the second Invention.

The commonly recognized intellectual faculties, enumerated by Psychologists with much discrepancy, in so far as they do not involve Feeling and Volition, are resolvable into these three primitive properties of Intellect—Discrimination, Retention, Similarity. The faculty called Memory is almost exclusively founded in the Retentive power, although sometimes aided by Similarity. The processes of Reason and Abstraction involve Similarity chiefly; there being in both the identification of resembling things. What is termed Judgment may consist in Discrimination on the one hand, or in the Sense of Agreement on the other: we determine two or more things either to differ or to agree. It is impossible to find any case of Judging that does not, in the last resort, mean one or other of these two essential activities of the intellect. Lastly, Imagination is a product of all the three fundamentals of our intelligence, with the addition of an element of Emotion.

The exposition of Intellect proper will consist mainly in a full development of the two processes of Retentiveness and Agreement. These will constitute the two first chapters. A third chapter will be devoted to the cases of Complicated mental Reproduction, including the association by Contrast. A fourth will deal with the applications of the intellectual forces to form new constructions-the Creative or Inventive faculty of the mind.

The purposes to be served by a scientific discussion of our intellectual powers are these :

1. The explanation of the Laws that regulate the stream and Succession of our Thoughts is calculated to gratify our curiosity, or the natural desire of knowing the causes of things. Every person alive to the pleasures of knowledge is led, by this prompting, to inquire into the laws that simplify the great complications of the world. And there is no department where this desire is more likely to arise than in the ever present workings of the mind itself.

2. The theory of the intellectual powers affords a means of representing and explaining the differences of Intellectual Character in human beings. Such differences must refer to one or other of the fundamental attributes of our intelligence, and be susceptible of classification accordingly.

3. The art of Education must be grounded upon an accurate knowledge of the attribute of Retentiveness. We should endeavour to find out the circumstances that favour, and those that thwart, the process of mental acquisition.

What Locke termed the Conduct of the Understanding,' meaning the economical and effective employment of all our intellectual forces, includes education, and some things besides. It implies the methods of directing and aiding us in the higher operations, as Reasoning and Invention. The presumption is that a knowledge of the tools that we work with, may occasionally assist us in using them to the best advantage.

4. There are certain questions of vital interest, whose solution turns on ascertaining what parts of our intelligence are primitive and what acquired. Such are the Perception of a Material World and the Origin of our ideas of Space, Time, and Cause.

5. The theory of what constitutes Knowledge, what are the limits of human knowledge, and what is the nature of legitimate Explanation, must needs grow out of the investigation of our intellectual powers. It was to ascertain exactly what man is competent to know, that Locke applied himself to the enquiries that are the subject of his Essay, the publication of which was an epoch in the science of mind.

CHAPTER I.

RETENTIVENESS-LAW OF CONTIGUITY.

1. THIS principle is the basis of Memory, Habit, and the Acquired Powers in general.

Writers on Mental
Sir William

Science have described it under various names. Hamilton terms it the law of Redintegration,' regarding it as the principle whereby one part of a whole brings up the other parts, as when the first words of a quotation recall the remainder, or one house in a street suggests the succeeding ones. The associating links called Order in Time, Order in Place, and Cause and Effect, are all included under it. We might also name it the law of Association proper, of Adhesion, Mental Adhesiveness, or Acquisition.

The following is a general statement of this mode of mental reproduction.

Actions, Sensations, and States of Feeling, occurring together or in close succession, tend to grow together, or cohere, in such a way that, when any one of them is afterwards presented to the mind, the others are apt to be brought up in idea.

There are various circumstances or conditions that regulate and modify the operation of this principle, so as to render the adhesive growth more or less rapid and secure. These will be best brought out by degrees in the course of the exposition. As a general rule, Repetition is necessary in order to render coherent in the mind a train or aggregate of images, as, for example, the successive aspects of a panorama, with a sufficient degree of force to make one suggest the others at an after period. The precise degree of repetition needed depends on a variety of causes, the quality of the individual mind being one.

MOVEMENTS.

2. I shall commence the detailed exposition of the Law of Contiguity with the case of Muscular Activity, including under this head all kinds of movements, attitudes, and efforts of resistance.

Through the intellectual property of adhesiveness or plasticity, as expressed by this principle of contiguous association, movements can be linked together in trains, and made to succeed each other, with the same certainty and invariable sequence as we find in the instinctive successions of rhythmical action, already discussed. The complicated evolutions of a dance come to flow of their own accord, no less than the movements on all fours of the newly-dropped lamb.

We may begin with remarking the operation of the adhesive principle upon the Spontaneous and Instinctive actions themselves. These actions are plainly confirmed and invigorated by repetition. Although many creatures can walk as soon as they are born, they walk much better after a little practice. Here, however, we cannot easily make allowance for the growth of the parts themselves, apart from the effect of exercise. The muscles of the limbs increase in size, and the nerve-centres that stimulate and sustain the rhythmical movements acquire more development, through time alone. By practice, that is, by repetition, the infant sucks with more ease and vigour. In learning to walk, exercise undoubtedly concurs with the primitive alternating tendency of the limbs. The muscles of the body are strengthened by growth; this growth is accelerated, if they are regularly exercised within limits; and the very same is likely to be true of the nerves and nerve-centres that dictate the flow and alternation of muscular movements.

I have endeavoured to establish, as a fact, the spontaneous commencement of all the actions that we term voluntary. The limbs, the features, the eyes, the voice, the tongue, the jaw, the head, the trunk, &c., begin to move