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of sulphurated lead ores. It is found in great quanti- || appearing like mica, composed of white and very brilties in the island of Anglesey.

6. Lead mineralized by the phosphoric acid. It is of a greenish yellow, or reddish color, and will effervesce with acids. Seven ounces of this lead ore, from the neighborhood of Friburg, yielded, by distillation, 144 grains of phosphorus. A similar compound to this ore may be obtained by mixing pure phosphoric acid with red lead.

7. Antimonial lead ore. The metal is mineralized by sulphur, with silver and regulus of antimony-of a bluish dark lead color; and of a radiated, filamentous, or striated texture. It yields from 40 to 50 per cent. of lead, and from one half to two ounces of silver per quintal.

8. Pyritous lead ore-mineralized by sulphur, with silver and a large proportion of iron; of a brown or yellowish color. It affords only 18 or 20 per cent. of lead, which is obtained only by melting it, the iron detaining the sulphur. It is only a mixture of galena with the brown pyrites.

9. Lead mineralized by arsenic, has been found in Siberia; of a pale color externally, but internally of a deep red. It is, for the most part, crystalized in irregular pyramids. It contains sulphur, arsenic, and about 34 per cent. of lead. It is supposed to contain some silver.

10. Stony, or sandy lead ores, consist either of the calciform or galena kind, intimately mixed and diffused through stones and earth, chiefly of the calcareous or barytic genus. Sometimes it is mixed with clay.

11. Galena, or potter's ore, in which the metal is mineralized by sulphurated silver. This is the most common of lead ores; a species of which is peculiar to the Upper Mississippi Lead Mines. It is of a dark bluish color, forrned of cubes of a moderate size, or in grains of a cubic figure, whose corners have been cut off; its texture lamellar, and its hardness varying in different specimens. That which is formed into grains is supposed to be the richest in silver; but even this contains only about one or one and a half per cent.; that is, about 12 or 18 ounces per quintal; and the poorest not above 60 grains. Ores that yield about half an ounce of silver per quintal are barely worth the extracting. Different specimens also vary in the quantity of sulphur they contain, from 15 to 25 per cent., and that which contains the least is in some degree malleable. The proportion of iron in this ore is very small, but the lead is from 60 to 85 per cent. It is completely dissolved by nitrous acid when diluted. The specific gravity of galena is from 7.000 to 7.780. It yields a yellow flag when melted.

Mineralogists divide this ore into several varieties: 1. Cubic galena, the cubes of which are of various sizes, and found either single or in groups; it is often found with the angles truncated, and is common at Freyberg. 2. In masses, without any regular configuration; very common at St. Maria. 3. With large facets. It does not compose regular crystals, but is entirely formed of large lamina. 4. With small facets,

liant scales. It is called white silver ore, because it contains a considerable quantity of that metal. 5. Small grained galena, so called because it has a very close grain. It is likewise very rich in silver, and is found with the foregoing ore. No galena except that of Carinthia, is known to be without silver; but it has been observed, that those which afford the most silver have the smallest facets. Galena crystalized like lead spar, in hexagonal prisms or cylindrical columns, contains little silver, and seems to be merely spathose of lead, mineralized without having lost its form.

For the foregoing description of the varieties of lead ore, I am indebted, chiefly, to the Edinburgh Encyclopedia.

Lead is among the most useful metals. In Holland and other places, it has been used to correct the most offensive expressed oil, as that of rape-seed, and the rancid oils of almonds and olives, by impregnating them with lead. A similar abuse has also been practiced with acid wines, which dissolves as much of the lead as communicates a sweetish taste. It is used in the manufacture of glass, and possesses great efficacy in dissolving earthy bodies. It is employed in making various vessels, as cisterns for water, large boilers for chemical purposes, &c. The pewterers mix it with Itin, which is said to be a dangerous process. Tin has been sold in France containing 25 pounds in the 100. Though a very useful, yet lead is a very dangerous metal. When taken into the human body, it produces various disorders, particularly a cholic, known in the mines as the "mineral sickness." This is the case with those who are engaged in smelting it and are frequently exposed to its fumes. The miners are never afflicted with this disease. These poisonous fumes infect the grass and water in the immediate vicinity of a smelting furnace, so as to produce mineral sickness in cattle, and the fish die in the streams.

The mineral is found from 15 to 200 feet below the surface. It varies in different districts of the mining region. In the “clay-diggings,” so called, a body of red clay, mixed with mammillary quartz, called "mineral blossom,” and petro-silicious stones, forms the first indication. In these diggings, the galena is found imbedded in clay of an oaken cast, surrounded by various strata of earth. In the rock-diggings a crevice is formed by the great Architect of the universe, with perpendicular walls on either side, and covered with a rock varying from one foot to fifty feet in thickness. These crevices are always found running east and west, and north and south, crossing at right angles, and showing a variation in the different districts, of 15 or 20 degrees. In no instance are both of these crevices fruitful; but when one is large and fruitful, the other is small and barren. In a particular district one of these crevices will be invariably the fruitful one. In those diggings, known as the "Galena diggings," the north and south crevices bear the mineral; and in the Dubuque diggings the reverse. This peculiar formation, as well as many indications which my limits will not

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permit me to mention, greatly assists the miner in pros- || west of Galena, 15 miles by land, and 25 by water, on ecuting his discoveries. Knowing that the galena the west side of the Mississippi; and is the county-seat ranges east and west, he sinks his shaft and runs his drift north and south.

of Dubuque county, Iowa territory. This is one of the handsomest situations on that vast river. It is surrounded by a rich farming country, and inexhaustible lead mines. The Methodists, Presbyterians and Baptists, have organized societies. The two former have places of worship. The Roman Catholics are very numerous there. About $20,000 of foreign money have been spent by the Bishop, who makes his residence in Dubuque. The white settlements extend about 60 miles west, and within two days' ride, range the elk and buffalo. It contains about 2000 inhabitants.

Plattville is a beautiful inland village, situated 25 miles north of Galena, in Wisconsin territory. It is in the midst of a rich farming and mining region. It has a spacious Methodist chapel, with a commodious basement story for school purposes. The society is good; but few Roman Catholics in the vicinity. It contains about 800 inhabitants.

The God of nature has hid these treasures in the earth, without leaving upon the surface a single trace of the immediate deposit. Every miner, however, is full of schemes to detect them. Many a long and tedious search has been made for what is ycleped the "mineral weed;" and hard by the spot where it grew, the faithful shovel and pick have opened a way to the bowels of the earth; but all to no purpose. The miner, before commencing a hole, views the ground-fondly imagines that he sees the ground depressed upon the| very spot where the mineral below, by its weight, has sunk the earth beneath it. He toils faithfully, till experience proves him disappointed. Not a clue has Providence given to these "hid treasures." Those skilled in mining are by no means the most likely to select the best place. It is, I believe, generally admitted, that a "green hand" will succeed best at " "prosMineral Point is about 40 miles north of east from pecting;" but when he finds the mineral, a knowledge Galena, in Wisconsin territory. Its principal depenof mining is absolutely necessary to work it to advan-dence is the rich mining country with which it is surtage. rounded. The situation rather unpromising. ReligTo an uninterested observer, the occupation of a mi-ious denominations small, and Roman Catholics nuner would appear like mere drudgery; and its facinating merous. It contains near 1000 inhabitants. character can only be apprehended by one who has “struck a prospect," and worked for weeks apparently within a few feet of the possession of thousands. Never did a gambler wait more anxiously the result of a game, upon which his all depended, than does the miner under such circumstances. His labor ceases to be toil. Suddenly opening a "pocket” in the rock, and finding a piece of pure mineral, the welcome indicative of a large body below, every nerve becomes strung-whilst, every few minutes, from his faithful partner at the windlass, he hears and answers the significant interrogations, "What's the prospect?" "Are you through the rock?" "Think you're on the cap-rock?" and fifty other inquiries from the man who has almost strained his eyes to see what is going on 100 feet below him.

The future prospects of the mining region open a large field for conjecture. That the mines are inexhaustible, will be questioned by none. That the process of mining is yet in infancy, cannot be doubted. And such is the increasing demand for lead, that greater exertions will be made every succeeding year to procure it; and those larger and better bodies of mineral which lie hid in the water, will eventually be taken out by means of levels drove into the base of towering bluffs. The improvement in the science of mining has already been great. When the English miners first came to the mines, they went into the very "diggings" which our inexperienced diggers supposed to be exhausted, and made fortunes. The improvement in the process of smelting has been as great. Nothing but the ashes

The principal towns in the mining region, are Gale- of the old log furnaces remain. The country is fast na, Dubuque, Plattville, and Mineral Point.

Galena is situated on Fever or Bean river, which is rendered navigable by back-water from the Mississippi, seven miles from its mouth. Though always accessible to steamboats, the site of Galena is far from being desirable. Situated against a bluff, it has only two streets which run parallel with the river. It has two court-houses, a jail and hospital. The schools are good. The Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Baptists and Catholics, have organized societies and chapels. Galena lies about eight miles south of the line of Wisconsin territory, and is the grand commercial point for the country north. It contains about 3000 inhabitants. Dubuque was named after an old Frenchman, whose tomb can be seen by the traveler ascending the Mississippi, upon the summit of one of the highest bluffs, where his remains were placed in a leaden coffin, which some ruffians have since stolen. It is situated north

improving in agriculture, and will not only provide for the mining consumption at home, but will ship large quantities of produce abroad. In a word, it seems destined to class among the richest portions of the world. Juliet, Will county, Ill., May 25, 1841.

110

DEATH TYPIFIED BY A ROSE. So have I seen a rose newly springing from the clefts of its hood, and, at first, it was fair as the morning, and full with the dews of heaven, as a lamb's fleece; but when a ruder breath had forced open its virgin modesty, and dismantled its too youthful and unripe retirements, it began to put on darkness, and to decline to softness and the symptoms of a sickly age; it bowed the head, and broke its stalk; and at night, having lost some of its leaves, and all its beauty, it fell.-Bishop Taylor.

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THE OCEAN.

BY JOHN E. EDWARDS.

smile upon the white clouds of canvass that moved like spectres along the bosom of the deep, I have stood and gazed out upon the rolling ocean, with a rapture that is indescribable. From the point of vision the winding shore stretched away to the right and left, as THE moment in which I caught a first glimpse of far as the aching eye could follow its sinuous course; the far-distant waves of old ocean, rolling in sublimity while the ever-dashing surf, like successive wreaths of before me, can never be forgotten. Some hair-breadth snow, rolled upon the sandy beach, and foamed, and escape from the fang of a poisonous serpent, or the sparkled in the last rays of the setting sun. jaws of the voracious crocodile, might possibly be But the sun has often gone down, and left me still erased from the memory, by the obliterating hand of upon the restless waters; the winds have retired to time; but while the faintest trace of past events re- their caves, the curlew has ceased to scream along the mains uneffaced upon the tablet of my memory, the blast, and a stillness has come over "the deep, deep moment just referred to will be vividly remembered by sea." Night has approached as softly and silently as me. Since that juncture, many a sorrow has visited the snow-flake falls upon the bosom of the rolling my bosom-many a tedious day has rolled into eter- stream. The white winged bark that seemed to linger nity-many and varied have been the scenes that have for awhile upon the farthest verge of vision, has been passed before me; but still a recollection of that event gradually concealed from the view, as the sky and ocean is as clear to my mind as are the occurrences of yester- seemed to mingle and blend beautifully together, like day; and as I look back to it, through the dim vista of the lights and shades in a well executed painting. by-gone days, emotions of a pleasing nature are exci-"The sea, the open sea," has been spread out before ted in my bosom.

me, when nought has been heard upon the evening breeze, save the solemn roar of the surf, or the startling shriek of the sea-bird, as it flapped its dripping pinion in lonely solitude over the briny deep.

I had been cradled in one of the pleasant villages that skirts the blue hills of my native state; and when but a boy I had often sighed and wished to see the ocean. The thundering cataract, the deep, wild forest, Nothing is more impressive than to stand alone at the verdure-clad plains, the long sweeping valley, the nightfall upon the silent shore, and commune with the reverberating echoes of the maddened thunder as it ocean-buried-to stand and think of the millions upon leaped among the mountain crags, the lightning scathed millions of our race who have been plunged beneath rock, blackened and broken-all these were things fa- the wave, and found their last resting place in the cavmiliar to my juvenile mind; but I turned away from erns of the deep-to call to mind the unnumbered the contemplation of scenery that would have enchant-thousands who have gone down to their coral beds ed the eye of an artist, and sighed in disquietude, because my remoteness from the ocean had denied me the privilege of strolling upon its wave-lashed shore, and listening to the music of its eternal song.

amidst the howlings of the storm, and the shrieks of despair-to muse on the bright eyes, the beautiful forms, and golden ringlets that lie forgotten in the sea! |0, what melancholy reflections are awakened in the

mournful destiny of the Pulaski, and the more recent loss of the steam-ship President! How many of the lost had thoughts of home and friends-the nearest friends-to come over the mind, just as the wave charged with their destiny swept them into eternity! But I forbear.

Time rolled on, and the wish so long and so anx-mind at the recollection of the fate of the Home, the iously desired, was at last realized; and, for the moment, it seemed that my every wish was gratified. All that I had read in the poets, and other fine descriptive writers, about the wide expanse of waters, at once rushed upon my mind, and especially that celebrated apostrophe of a well known poet, to the ocean, in which he says,

"Roll on,

thou deep and dark blue ocean, roll."

Sometimes I have seen the ocean lashed by the raYes, that was the idea that first occurred to my mind-ging tempest, until its lofty foam-capt billows seemed to "roll on-roll on;" and the thought was carried out in brush the clouds; and when the mountain surges, beatthe language of a justly praised American poet

"And there it rolls! Age after age has swept

Down, down the eternal cataract of time;
Men after men on earth's cold bosom slept,
Still there it rolls, unfading and sublime."

PRENTICE.

Since that time I have frequently rambled upon the shell-paved strand, at the close of day, when sun-set streamed along the west, and felt that

"There is a rapture on the lonely shore

There is society where none intrudes

By the deep sea-and music in its roar."

ing violently upon the shore, have been "dashed into feathery clouds of foam," white as the driven snow. Again, I have seen it when its wild tempest music was hushed, its billows lulled to repose, and when scarce a ripple broke upon the sand. In this quiet state there may possibly have been seen a gentle swell-something like the heavings of an infant's bosom, when sweetly slumbering. Then its polished surface, like a boundless mirror, reflected distinctly and minutely the vessel that stood motionless upon its bosom. Indeed, the azure vault of heaven, the solitary bird on the wing,

At such an hour, while the sun has yet lingered upon || and every object above the waters, were as clearly seen the golden verge of the horizon, painting a parting in the waveless deep, as above its surface.

Vol. I.-31

242

PAST AND PRESENT.

But the ocean appears most beautiful when seen on a soft moonlight night. Let the evening be calm, and the sky unclouded; and let the moon, "regent of the silent night," ride at her "full noon," and shed a fleecy robe of light upon the trembling sea, curled up into playful ripples by the light and gentle breezes that just kiss its surface; and let there be indistinctly seen in the distance a light skiff, cutting its liquid way, and faintly heard the regular dash of oars, accompanied by the boatman's wild song, flung upon the passing breeze, and you have a scene that might enchant a Roscoe, a Byron, or a Lamartine.

The ocean was made by the mighty God. His hand formed its caverns, and girt it around with barriers of sand; and it was he who said to its thoughtless billows, "Hitherto shalt thou come, and no further."

But 'tis midnight; and

The ocean's wave is gleaming now,
With streams of phosphorescent light;
While round the gallant vessel's prow,

That splits the wave in stilly night,
The waters dash in feathery foam,
And whisper round the sailor's home.

The stars that deck the midnight sky,
And shed their light upon the wave,
Are like the sleepless eyes on high,

That watch with care the Christian's grave: Those eyes shall keep their watch on high While star-fires burn along the sky.

0111100

TIME AND ETERNITY. How little any of us know, or are capable of knowing, in this our present state! They that think they know most, or are most conceited in their own knowledge, know nothing as they ought to know. They that are most apt to contend, do most of all fight in the dark. It is, too, possible there may be much knowledge without love. How little such knowledge is worth! It profits nothing. It hurts, puffs up, when love edifies. The devils know more than any of us, while their want of love, or their hellish malignity, makes them devils. As by pride comes contention, so humility would contribute more to peace (and to the discernment of truth too) than the most fervent disputation. There is no hope of proselyting the world to my opinion or way. If I cannot be quiet till I have made such and such of my mind, I shall be unquiet while others are not of it, i. e., always. If some one's judgment must be a standard to the world, there are fitter for it than mine. They that in their angry contests think to shame their adversary, do commonly most of all shame themselves.-John Howe.

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Original.

PAST AND PRESENT.

BY SARAH C. M'CABE.

"The fashion of this world passeth away," 1 Cor. vii, 31.

In one of my traveling excursions in search of health, I was led to visit the home of my youth and the scenes of earlier years.

It was a calm evening hour! Nature, in her loveliest aspect, presented the appearance of a beautifully painted landscape, bathed in the mellow light of a cloudless sun-set; and as I gazed with admiration, I could but mark the changes time had wrought upon my right and upon my left. In the city-like appearance of the vale below, I could scarcely find trace or vestige of the village I left but a few years previous. Here and there my eye rested upon a place familiar in my childhood haunts, enshrined in the heart, memoriæ sacrum of early friendship; but the primrose meadows' had been converted into streets, edifices had been reared, spacious and elegant dwellings, neat and commodious, surrounded by shops and offices, embowered in beautiful shade-trees. The college bell was heard in the distance, and the spires of new churches glittered in the departing sun-light; while a broad expanse of water, bearing upon its mirrored surface commerce and communication from distant regions, gave additional interest to the scene, rendering it peculiarly attractive to the eye of the beholder, as through the vista of time I beheld this, of late an inconsiderable village, standing forth pre-eminent among the cities of the west.

Night threw around us her sable curtains, and I withdrew to ponder upon the change of condition and character, judging from the exterior of things, with which I should probably meet.

Years had been linked with returnless years, and I expected to find the signet visible, of mutation and decay; for who, that liveth in this world of change, but can bear testimony from experience, to the breathings of an inspired apostle, when he said the "fashion of this world passeth away?" But never have I felt the force, or realized the applicability of the sacred sentence, until I entered the sanctuary, where, in early life, I "worshiped the God of my fathers," and found myself in the midst of strangers-a congregation of complex character, thrown together from the far west and the extreme south, the rigid north and the balmy east. Here and there I recognized a friendan acquaintance; but even in these I did not greet the same in appearance. The little girl whom I left in the Sabbath school, over her lesson pondering, a willing student, had become mature in years and judgment, and taken the place of former teachers. Time had laid his finger upon the raven lock, and stamped a deeper impress upon the brow, while disease and care were

Spring.

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manifest in the faded form and the sallow cheek, once || To the faithful keeping of a covenant God and Reof vermillion hue; and many whom I sought, I could deemer, they resigned their spirits "until that day."

not find. Some, like myself, had left for different sections of country

"To 'twine with stranger hearts new sympathies," and some were stricken from the list of the living. entered the City of Silence, and found them there!

but

"Ah! this is a sad and mournful city,
Populous, but where the bustling-
The crowded buyers of the noisy mart?
Business, alas! hath stopped in mid career,
And none are anxious to resume it here;"

I

Again I read, "Sacred to the memory of R*** *****." Ah! that amiable and lamented woman! Oft has she met me with a mother's greeting; but her mild blue eye is closed in death! and the "household band which gathered round the board in days of yore are severed." For genuine, humble, consistent piety, I have seen her equaled by few. As might be expected,

"Like a shadow thrown

Softly and lightly from a passing cloud,
Death fell upon her;"

"Friends here meet and mingle tears o'er those who answer while her spirit, exulting over struggling nature and a

not."

cheerless grave, joined the "innumerable multitude, who stand before the throne and the Lamb," crowned with the palm-wreath of victory! And many, many more were mingling with kindred clay in this last receptacle of mortality. The high and the low, the lover of pleasure and the lover of God, were sleeping side by side in the mute companionship of death; but I hastened away, to muse and to gather instruction.

First I sat down by the grave of one whose morning sun arose without the shadow of a cloud; but in an evil hour he listened to the voice of the syren-he found her proffered cup of promised bliss a poisoned chalice. Deeply regretting his wayward career, so thickly strewed with blighting and blighted hopes, he fixed his last parting gaze upon the white cliffs of Albion, his native land, and crossed the "deep blue sea," to retrieve his fallen fortunes in the western world; but ah! the melting, the painful truth! Intemperance gained its victim; and in the prime of his manhood he lay down, leaving his "wife a widow and his children fatherless." Again, my eye rested upon the inscription of another, whom I well knew in life, who had counted turmoil, difficulty and danger but "dust in his path" to worldly wealth and emolument-seeking with assiduous care to climb the steeps of earthly distinc-"things seen and temporal," and those which are fution; but ere he reached the summit, he found his grave!

"Why all this toil for triumphs of an hour? What tho' we wade in wealth or soar in fame, Earth's highest station ends in 'here he lies!' And 'dust to dust' concludes her noblest song!" And there, too, bereft of her beauty, lay the once young and fascinating Miss L. Naturally kind and amiable, had her young mind been properly directed, she might have shone as a "bright particular star" in the sphere of woman's exaltation; but Eliza was taught by her misjudging parents to regard the admiration of the beau monde as her summum bonum. The mother knelt at the shrine of this world, and there she sacrificed her daughter-an immolation far more fatal than that of the Hindoo mother, when she consigns her infant to the oblivious depths of the Ganges, to appease the wrath of the gods. There, in her grassy bed, she sleeps, to wake no more, till the archangel shall rend the graves in sunder, when parents and children shall meet at the investigation of all accounts.

With pensive step I turned to the peaceful resting place of one under whose ministrations I had often sat, and another, with whom, in early life, I plighted my vows at the altar of God. It was a youthful herald of heaven's mercy, and his confiding wife. Friends and physicians, with all the skill and care they could exert, were insufficient to

"Keep consumption's moth away

From their frail web of life."

And is it thus in the space of a few years-so many changes! The poor have become rich, and the rich poor-the young, the aged, and the middle-aged, have been borne to their last and quiet home; and yet the stream of the busy world flows on, as if no wave of misfortune or of death, had risen upon the surface.

Truths, founded in the constitution of things, written upon the sacred page, and interwoven with every day's experience, should teach us the comparative value of

ture, invisible, but eternal. In the language of wisdom, the "fashion of this world passeth away," and there is nothing stable, whereon to fix our hopes, or rest our affections. We, too, are passing away; and of such trivial import are we, considered in our relative position to the world at large, natural and physical, that we shall neither be missed nor mourned. The tributary tear may drop upon our coffin-lid; but the mellowing hand of time will either seal up the fountain, or when a few years shall have fled upon their wings of light and shadow,

"The mourner with the mourned shall lie." Even the great, the gifted, the exalted in station, fall beneath the iron grasp of the terror king. The work pursues its accustomed course, and nature brings no cypress wreath, or coronal to grace the funeral bier; but she smiles as she was wont when she smiled on them. Flowers bloom in the same paths, and the spring bird sings as sweetly its evening requiem, as when, by the silver light of Cynthia, they sought for fame in unfrequented shades. Tell us, ye votaries of the world, especially ye who exalt reason and ask no guiding star but that of nature to nature's God, of what avail are your boasted pleasures and your idiotic wisdom, since they offer no solace in "days of darkness?" Bounded by time, and extinguished in the oblivious grave, is it not a mark of true wisdom to trace by the brighter light of the illumined oracle, our origin and destiny, as

One after the other they died; but they shall live again. relatively connected with a world of mind and the

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