The amount of duties collected at each of the fourteen treaty ports, in the years 1867 and 1868, was as follows:

The value of the total exports from China to the United Kingdom, and of the imports of British and Irish produce and manufactures into China, was as follows in each of the ten years from 1861 to 1870:—

The exports from China to Great Britain and Ireland are made up, to the amount of more than nine-tenths, of one article of merchandise, namely, tea. In the year 1864, the quantity of tea sent from the treaty ports to the United Kingdom was 112,128,032 lbs., valued at 8,386,6297.; in 1865 the quantity amounted to 109,805,895 lbs., valued at 9,081,486l.; in 1866 to 127,486,120 lbs., valued at 10,178,070.; in 1867 to 114,511,388 lbs., valued at 8,951,9547.; in 1868 to 137,042,375 lbs., valued at 10,945,5307.; in 1869 to

123,299,115 lbs., valued at 9,007,5981.; and, finally, in 1870, to 122,197,167 lbs., of the declared value of 8,556,7611. The other exports from China to Great Britain, insignificant in comparison with the staple export, comprise raw silk and various drugs. From 1863 to 1865, the exports included large quantities of raw cotton, but the supply ceased after 1867. Manufactured cotton and woollen goods, the former of the value of 4,591,489., and the latter of 950,1917. in the year 1870, constitute the bulk of the imports of British produce into the Chinese empire.

China is traversed in all directions by 20,000 imperial roads, and though most of them are badly kept, a vast internal trade is carried on over them, and by means of numerous canals and navigable rivers. It is stated that the most populous part of the empire is singularly well adapted for the construction of a network of railways. (Reports of Journeys in China.' See below: Books of Reference-Official publications.)

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures, in ordinary use at the treaty ports, and in the intercourse with foreigners, are as follows:

MONEY.

The Tael 10 Mace=100 Candareens 1,000 Cash=

=

Mexican Dollar

=

:

Average rate of exchange, 6s. 8d., or 3 Taels to 17. sterling, 48. 2d.

=

There are no national gold and silver coins in China, and foreign coins are looked upon but as bullion. The chief medium of payment in commercial transactions consists of whole and broken dollars by weight. In accounts between foreigners and Chinese merchants, Mexican dollars are mostly converted into taels, at the rate of 1,000 dollars for 720 taels. But payments in cash are usually weighed at 717 taels for 1,000 dollars.

In the tariff settled by treaty between Great Britain and China, the Chih of 14 English inches has been adopted as the legal standard. It is the only authorised measure of length at all the ports of trade, and its use is gradually spreading all over the empire.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning China.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Abstract of Trade and Customs Revenue Statistics from 1864 to 1868, published by the Imperial Maritime Customs. Presented to both Houses of Parliament. Fol. London, 1869.

Commercial Reports from H. M.'s Consuls in China and Siam. 8. pp. 103. London, 1870.

Commercial Reports from H. M.'s Consuls in China, Japan, and Siam, 1865. 8. London, 1866.

Reports of Journeys in China and Japan performed by Mr. Alabaster, Mr. Oxenham, Mr. Markham, and Dr. Willis, of H. M.'s Consular Service. Presented to both Houses of Parliament. Fol. London, 1869.

Reports by Consul Swinhoe of his Special Mission up the river Yang-tszekiang. Presented to both Houses of Parliament. Fol. pp. 27. London, 1870. Report of the Delegates of the Shanghae Chamber of Commerce on the Trade of the Upper Yangtsze river. Presented to Parliament. Fol. London, 1870.

pp. 67.

Correspondence respecting Inland Residence of English Missionaries in China. Presented to the House of Commons. Fol. pp. 44. London, 1870. Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries. Imp. 4. London, 1871.

Statistical Tables relating to Foreign Countries. Part XII. Fol. London, 1870.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Abel (C.), Arbeiten der Kaiserlich Russischen Gesandschaft zu Peking über China, sein Volk, seine Religion. Aus dem Russischen. 2 vols. 8. Berlin, 1858.

Bastian (A.), Die Völker des Oestlichen Asiens. 2 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1866. Chinese Topography, being an Alphabetical List of the Provinces, Departments, and Districts in the Chinese Empire, with their Latitudes and Longitudes. Canton, 1844. Reprinted in 1864.

Courcy (Marquis de), L'Empire du milieu; description géographique, précis historique, institutions sociales, religieuses, politiques, notions sur les sciences, les arts, l'industrie et le commerce. 8. Paris, 1867.

Davis (Sir John F.), Description of China and its Inhabitants.

London, 1857.

2 vols. 8.

Dennys (N. B.) and Mayers (W. T.), China and Japan: a Complete Guide to the Open Ports of those Countries; together with Peking, Yeddo, Hongkong. and Macao. 8. London, 1867.

Ferrari (Joseph), La Chine et l'Europe. 8. Paris, 1867.

Gützlaff (C. F. A.), China Opened; or, a Display of the Topography, History, Customs, Manners, Arts, Manufactures, Commerce, &c. of the Chinese Empire. 2 vols. 8. London, 1838.

Hanspach (Rev. A.), Report for the Years 1863 and 1864 of the Chinese Vernacular Schools, established in the Sinon, Kiushen, Fayuen, and Chonglok districts of the Quangtung province. 8. Hongkong, 1865.

Huc (L'Abbé E. R.), L'Empire chinois. 2 vols. 8. 4th ed. Paris, 1862. Lauture (Comte d'Escayrac de), Mémoires sur la Chine: Gouvernement. 4. Paris, 1864.

Loch (Hy. Brougham), A Personal Narrative of Occurrences during Lord Elgin's Second Embassy to China in 1860. 8. London, 1870.

Oliphant (Oscar), China; a popular history. 8. London, 1857.

Osborn (Capt. Sherard), Past and Future of British Relations in China. 8. London, 1860.

Pallu (Lieutenant Léopold), Relation de l'Expédition de Chine en 1860, rédigée d'après les documents officiels, avec l'autorisation de M. le comte de Chasseloup-Laubat, Ministre de la Marine. 4. Paris, 1864.

Pauthier (J. P. G.), Documents statistiques sur la Chine. 8. Paris, 1841. Plath (N.), Ueber die lange Dauer und Entwicklung des Chinesischen Reichs. 8. München, 1861.

Sacharoff (T.), The Numerical Relations of the Population of China during the Four Thousand Years of its Historical Existence; or, the Rise and Fall of the Chinese Population. Translated into English by the Rev. W. Lobscheid. Also, the Chronology of the Chinese, from the Mythological Times up to the present Rules. 8. Hongkong, 1865.

Sykes (Col. W. H.), Speech in the House of Commons in moving for papers relating to China. pp. 8. 8. London, 1869.

Topography of China and Neighbouring States, with Degrees of Longitude and Latitude. 8. Hongkong, 1864.

Wells (S. Williams), The Chinese Commercial Guide, containing Treatise, Tariffs, Regulations, Tables, &c., useful in the trade to China and Eastern Asia. Fifth ed. 8. Hongkong, 1863.

Werner (Reinhold), Die preussische Expedition nach China, Japan und Siam. 2 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1863.

Williams (Dr. S. Wells), The Middle Kingdom: a survey of the geography, government, education &c., of the Chinese Empire. 2 vols. 8. New York,

1848.

Wilson (Andrew), The Ever Victorious Army: a history of the Chinese Campaign under Lieut.-Col. C. G. Gordon, and of the suppression of the Taeping rebellion. 4. London, 1868.