yet in spirit and result, some imperfect resemblance of our High Seminary. I say, imperfect; for if our mechanical structure 'was quite other, so neither was our result altogether the same: 'unhappily, we were not in Crim Tartary, but in a corrupt Euro'pean city, full of smoke and sin; moreover, in the middle of a 'Public, which, without far costlier apparatus, than that of the 'Square Enclosure, and Declaration aloud, you could not be sure ' of gulling.

'Gullible, however, by fit apparatus, all Publics are; and 'gulled, with the most surprising profit. Towards any thing 'like a Statistics of Imposture, indeed, little as yet has been done: 'with a strange indifference, our Economists, nigh buried under 'Tables for minor Branches of Industry, have altogether over'looked the grand all-overtopping Hypocrisy Branch; as if our 'whole arts of Puffery, of Quackery, Priestcraft, Kingcraft, and 'the innumerable other crafts and mysteries of that genus, had not ranked in Productive Industry at all! Can any one, for 'example, so much as say, What moneys, in Literature and Shoe'blacking, are realized by actual Instruction and actual jet Pol'ish; what by fictitious-persuasive Proclamation of such; speci'fying, in distinct items, the distributions, circulations, disburse'ments, incomings of said moneys, with the smallest approach to 'accuracy? But to ask, How far, in all the several infinitely 'complected departments of social business, in government, educa'tion, in manual, commercial, intellectual fabrication of every 'sort, man's Want is supplied by true Ware; how far by the mere Appearance of true Ware:-in other words, To what ex'tent, by what methods, with what effects, in various times and 'countries, Deception takes the place and wages of Performance; 'here truly is an Inquiry big with results for the future time, but 'to which hitherto only the vaguest answer can be given. If for 'the present, in our Europe, we estimate the ratio of Ware to 'Appearance of Ware so high even as at One to a Hundred '(which, considering the Wages of a Pope, Russian Autocrat, or English Game-Preserver, is probably not far from the mark),'what almost prodigious saving may there not be anticipated, as 'the Statistics of Imposture advances, and so the manufacturing ' of Shams (that of Realities rising into clearer and clearer dis

'tinction therefrom) gradually declines, and at length becomes all 'but wholly unnecessary!

'This for the coming golden ages. What I had to remark, for 'the present brazen one, is, that in several provinces, as in Edu'cation, Polity, Religion, where so much is wanted and indispen'sable, and so little can as yet be furnished, probably Imposture 'is of sanative, anodyne nature, and man's Gullibility not his 'worst blessing. Suppose your sinews of war quite broken; I 'I mean your military chest insolvent, forage all but exhausted; 'and that the whole army is about to mutiny, disband, and cut 'your and each other's throat, then were it not well could you, as if by miracle, pay them in any sort of fairy-money, feed them 'on coagulated water, or mere imagination of meat; whereby, till 'the real supply came up, they might be kept together, and quiet? 'Such perhaps was the aim of Nature, who does nothing without 'aim, in furnishing her favourite, Man, with this his so omnipo'tent or rather omnipatient Talent of being Gulled.

How beautifully it works, with a little mechanism; nay, al'most makes mechanism for itself! These Professors in the 'Nameless lived with ease, with safety, by a mere Reputation, 'constructed in past times, and then too with no great effort, 'by quite another class of persons. Which Reputation, like a 'strong brisk-going undershot-wheel, sunk into the general cur'rent, bade fair, with only a little annual repainting on their 6 part, to hold long together, and of its own accord assiduously 'grind for them. Happy that it was so, for the Millers! They 'themselves needed not to work; their attempts at working, at 'what they called Educating, now when I look back on it, fill me 'with a certain mute admiration.

'Besides all this, we boasted ourselves a Rational University; ' in the highest degree, hostile to Mysticism; thus was the young ' vacant mind furnished with much talk about Progress of the 'Species, Dark Ages, Prejudice, and the like; so that all were 'quickly enough blown out into a state of windy argumentativeness; whereby the better sort had soon to end in sick, impotent 'Scepticism; the worser sort explode (crepiren) in finished Self'conceit, and to all spiritual intents become dead.-But this too 'is portion of mankind's lot. If our era is the Era of Unbelief,

'why murmur under it; is there not a better coming, nay come? 'As in longdrawn Systole and longdrawn Diastole, must the pe'riod of Faith alternate with the period of Denial; must the ' vernal growth, the summer luxuriance of all Opinions, Spiritual 'Representations and Creations, be followed by, and again follow, 'the autumnal decay, the winter dissolution. For man lives in Time, has his whole earthly being, endeavour, and destiny 'shaped for him by Time: only in the transitory Time-Symbol 'is the ever-motionless Eternity we stand on made manifest. 'And yet, in such winter-seasons of Denial, it is for the nobler'minded perhaps a comparative misery to have been born, and to 'be awake, and work; and for the duller a felicity, if like hiber'nating animals, safe-lodged in some Salamanca University, or 'Sybaris City, or other superstitious or voluptuous Castle of In'dolence, they can slumber through, in stupid dreams, and only ' awaken when the loud-roaring hailstorms have all done their 'work, and to our prayers and martyrdoms the new Spring has

'been vouchsafed.'

That in the environment, here mysteriously enough shadowed forth, Teufelsdröckh must have felt ill at ease, cannot be doubtful. 'The hungry young,' he says, 'looked up to their spiritual 'Nurses; and, for food, were bidden eat the east wind. What vain jargon of controversial Metaphysic, Etymology, and me'chanical Manipulation falsely named Science, was current there, 'I indeed learned, better perhaps than the most. Among eleven 'hundred Christian youths, there will not be wanting some eleven 'eager to learn. By collision with such, a certain warmth, a cer'tain polish was communicated; by instinct and happy accident, 'I took less to rioting (renommiren), than to thinking and read'ing, which latter also I was free to do. Nay from the chaos of 'that Library, I succeeded in fishing up more books perhaps than ' had been known to the very keepers thereof. The foundation 'of a Literary Life was hereby laid: I learned, on my own 'strength, to read fluently in almost all cultivated languages, on 'almost all subjects, and sciences; farther, as man is ever the 'prime object to man, already it was my favourite employment to 'read character in speculation, and from the Writing to construe 'the Writer. A certain groundplan of Human Nature and Life

'began to fashion itself in me; wondrous enough, now when I 'look back on it; for my whole Universe, physical and spiritual, 'was as yet a Machine! However, such a conscious, recognized 'groundplan, the truest I had, was beginning to be there, and by 'additional experiments, might be corrected and indefinitely ' extended.'

Thus from poverty does the strong educe nobler wealth; thus in the destitution of the wild desert, does our young Ishmael acquire for himself the highest of all possessions, that of Self-help. Nevertheless a desert this was, waste, and howling with savage monsters. Teufelsdröckh gives us long details of his 'fever-paroxysms of Doubt;' his Inquiries concerning Miracles, and the Evidences of religious Faith; and how 'in the silent night'watches, still darker in his heart than over sky and earth, he 'has cast himself before the All-seeing, and with audible prayers, 'cried vehemently for Light, for deliverance from Death and the 'Grave. Not till after long years, and unspeakable agonies, did 'the believing heart surrender; sink into spell-bound sleep, 'under the nightmare, Unbelief; and, in this hag-ridden dream, 'mistake God's fair living world for a pallid, vacant Hades and 'extinct Pandemonium. But through such Purgatory pain,' continues he, 'it is appointed us to pass; first must the dead 'Letter of Religion own itself dead, and drop piecemeal into 'dust, if the living Spirit of Religion, freed from this its charnel'house, is to arise on us, newborn of Heaven, and with new heal'ing under its wings.'

To which Purgatory pains, seemingly severe enough, if we add a liberal measure of Earthly distresses, want of practical guidance, want of sympathy, want of money, want of hope; and all this in the fervid season of youth, so exaggerated in imagining, so boundless in desires, yet here so poor in means,-do we not see a strong incipient spirit oppressed and overloaded from without and from within; the fire of genius struggling up among fuelwood of the greenest, and as yet with more of bitter vapour than of clear flame.

From various fragments of Letters and other documentary scraps, it is to be inferred that Teufelsdröckh, isolated, shy, retiring as he was, had not altogether escaped notice: certain

established men are aware of his existence; and, if stretching out no helpful hand, have at least their eyes upon him. He appears, though in dreary enough humour, to be addressing himself to the Profession of Law;-whereof, indeed, the world has since seen him a public graduate. But omitting these broken, unsatisfactory thrums of Economical relation, let us present rather the following small thread of Moral relation; and therewith, the reader for himself weaving it in at the right place, conclude our dim arras-picture of these University years.

'Here also it was that I formed acquaintance with Herr Tow'good, or, as it is perhaps better written, Herr Toughgut; a 'young person of quality (von Adel), from the interior parts of ( England. He stood connected, by blood and hospitality, with 'the Counts von Zähdarm, in this quarter of Germany; to which 'noble Family I likewise was, by his means, with all friendliness, 'brought near. Towgood had a fair talent, unspeakably ill-culti'vated; with considerable humour of character: and, bating his 'total ignorance, for he knew nothing except Boxing and a little 'Grammar, shewed less of that aristocratic impassivity, and silent 'fury, than for most part belongs to Travellers of his nation. To him I owe my first practical knowledge of the English and 'their ways; perhaps also something of the partiality with which 'I have ever since regarded that singular people. Towgood was 'not without an eye, could he have come at any light. Invited 'doubtless by the presence of the Zähdarm Family, he had tra'velled hither, in the almost frantic hope of perfecting his studies; 'he, whose studies had as yet been those of infancy, hither to a 'University where so much as the notion of perfection, not to say 'the effort after it, no longer existed! Often we would condole ( over the hard destiny of the Young in this era: how, after all C our toil, we were to be turned out into the world, with beards on 'our chins indeed, but with few other attributes of manhood; no 'existing thing that we were trained to Act on, nothing that we 'could so much as Believe. "How has our head on the outside 'a polished Hat," would Towgood exclaim, "and in the inside Vacancy, or a froth of Vocables and Attorney Logic! At a 'small cost men are educated to make leather into shoes; but at 'a great cost, what am I educated to make? By Heaven, Bro