Italy, but even from France, Spain, and Germany. In the 16th century CUJACIUS, that miracle of legal erudition, left Toulouse, his native country, and repaired to this university. In the same century and in the same institution, Argentieri taught medical science, and Benedetti mathematical astronomy. THESAURO in the 17th century was celebrated among Latin scholars; in the 18th, the university could boast of a GERDIL in moral philosophy, of ALCASIO and Bono in jurisprudence, of CIGNA in anatomy and physiology, of BERTRANDI, BRUGNONE and PENCHIENATI in Sur. gery, of DONATI, the botanist, who by his extensive travels in Asia, enriched the garden of the university with many precious treasures; of ALLIONI, who proposed a new classification of the vegetable kingdom, of MICHELLOTTI, celebrated in hydraulics, and of BECCARIA Who divided with Franklin the laurels of the discoveries of electricity. In the present century, BARDI acquired an European fame for his high attainments in Hebrew literature and in sacred history; ALARDI, GRIDIS, and BESSONE were celebrated in jurisprudence; GIULIO discovered muscles in plants; RoLANDO developed a new theory of the structure of the brain; BALBI followed with devoted zeal the study of botany; VASSALLI EANDI showed himself a worthy pupil of Beccaria; BONELLI and BORSON enriched the zoologic and mineralogic museums; BONVICINO and GIOBERT acquired great reputation in chemistry, and BIDONE in mathematics; finally the names of LAGRANGE, ALFIERI, BERARDI, CHARLES BOTTA, GIOBERTI, CESAR BALBO, SCIOLLA, TARDITI, BOUCHERON, &c., who either received their scientific education at the university, or presided over some branches of its instruction, would be sufficient to raise that institution to an equal standing with the most celebrated universities of Europe. We do not speak of the living professors, among whom are many names of great repute, in theology, jurisprudence, medical and surgical science, philosophy and letters, physics and mathematics.

The palace of the university built in 1714, according to the design of RICCA, stands on the widest and most beautiful thoroughfare of the city, the great street of the Po, which is adorned on both sides with wide and lofty arcades, ending at each extremity with a wide square, looking on one side toward the old castle, which stands alone in the middle of its square, and on the other to the picturesque hills, which overlook the city. The palace has within a court surrounded by arcades, divided by columns which support above another gallery of the same style, as the arcades below. In the walls of these are many Roman inscriptions, statues, and bas-reliefs, discovered in Piedmont, and which have been described by Scipione Maffei and other celebrated antiquaries. On the arcades above are a marble group representing fame chaining time, and four urns representing the seasons, which were presented to the university by Victor Emmanuel I. The imposing staircase is adorned with marble vases, and ornamented with sculpturing. All the interior of the University is grand and magnificent, and admirably fitted for its objects.

The University consists of five faculties,-THEOLOGY, JURISPRUDENCE, MEDICINE AND SURGERY, BELLES-LETTRES AND PHILOSOPHY, PHYSICAL AND

MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES. Each faculty is composed of the professors, and of the Collegiate Doctors, and it is represented by a Council which is formed of the president of the faculty, of three professors, and of two doctors, all of whom are elected by ballot, by the members of the faculty itself. The faculty of belles-lettres and philosophy is divided into two classes, one of belles-lettres and one of philosophy. The faculty of physical and mathematical sciences is also divided into two classes, of phyical and mathematic science.

The Councils of the faculties have the immediate direction of the instruction, which belongs to each of them : over these presided until lately a Council of the university, to which the general administration and direction of the institution belonged. This council was composed of eight members; the president was appointed by the government, of the other seven counselors, five were elected from five lists; each of three professors, which were made by ballot by each faculty, and the two others were selected by the government, among the most distinguished men either in the scientific or literary department. This council was entrusted with the execution of the scholastic laws and with the direction and advancement of the instruction of the university. A new law relating to the administration of public instruction, which was a few months ago adopted by the Parliament, modified this organization, and we shall speak of it hereafter. There is also a rector of the university appointed from among the professors by the government, for a term of three years.

The faculties have a determined number of collegiate doctorships, and when one of these is vacant, an examination is opened in order to fill it. Doctors who received the diploma of the faculty can alone present themselves to this examination, but not before two years of doctorship. The examination consists of a written dissertation upon a subject drawn by lot, and of a public extemporary lecture; the candidate who in the contest, receives the approbation of the faculty, before being declared a collegiate doctor, is obliged to sustain a satisfactory public discussion on some of his positions, which he is required to publish as an exposition of the particular science. The collegiate doctors are, in connection with the professors, the examiners of the candidates for the memberships of the colleges, as well as of the students who apply for the diploma of their faculty. They are also the members of the committees appointed for the examination of students applying for admission to the university.

The professors are appointed by the government, after being proposed by the supreme council of instruction; as a general rule they are chosen among the collegiate doctors, though in some exceptional cases men of high scientific reputation, who do not belong to the university, may receive the appointment.

The colleges of the faculties at present contain as follows: 1st, College of theology, twenty-four doctors; 2d, of jurisprudence, twenty-two; 3d, of medicine and surgery, twenty-nine; 4th, of belles-lettres and philosophy, a, class of belles-lettres, ten, b, class of philosophy, seven; 5th,

of physical and mathematical sciences, a, class of physical sciences, ten, b, class of mathematical sciences, nine.

Some of these doctors are appointed by the government, as extraordinary professors of the faculty, whose duty is to take place of the ordinary professors, when prevented from lecturing or examining.

There are also attached to the university, private teachers who are called Ripetitori, from whom the students can receive private instruction on the course. These teachers are licensed by the council of the university, after being proposed by the councils of the faculties; the students, however, are not obliged to follow these courses, and should they choose to follow them, they are by no means exempted from the course of the university, which is the only one recognized as the necessary condition of admission to the examinations and to the doctorships. The private courses are paid by the students who wish to follow them, but the courses of the university, as well as of the colleges, are entirely free. The students, however, are obliged to pay to the public treasure a fee for their examination, which varies according to the different faculties. From the payment of these fees all pupils are exempted, who prove the inability of their parents to pay them.

In order to be admitted to the course of a faculty, it is necessary for the students to present the certificate of having completed all the secondary courses, including that of philosophy; another, of having passed satisfactory all the examinations of magisterio. They then declare the faculty, of which they intend to follow the courses; after which they are obliged to attend the lectures prescribed for those courses, to obtain every quarter a certificate of their attendance from each professor, and to pass an annual examination upon the subjects of the programme.

The following are the courses connected with each faculty; to each course is appointed a professor.

FACULTY OF THEOLOGY. 1st, Biblical theology; 2d, Bible and the elements of Hebrew; 3d, Ecclesiastical History; 4th, Dogmatic theology; 5th, Speculative theology; 6th, Sacraments; 7th, Moral theology; 8th, Art of preaching. The course continues through five years, and the subjects are arranged in the following order: 1st year, Biblical and Dogmatical theology; 2d and 3d years, Moral theology, Speculative theology, and Sacraments; 4th and 5th years, Moral theology, Speculative theology, Sacraments, and Bible. The students, who propose to contend for the three prizes established by the government for the best written solution of theological questions, attend the lectures of an additional course, which is of two years, and embraces ecclesiastical history, the art of preaching, elements of Hebrew, and exegesis of the Bible.

The bishops have the right to establish theological schools in their seminaries; but the instruction received in those seminaries can not give to the students the privilege of presenting themselves to the examination for receiving the Doctorship of Divinity from the university, unless the professors of theology have been appointed by the government, and unless these professors follow the programmes and the general regulations of the

university. In this case the professors of the seminaries receive their salary from the government. The diploma of doctorship in divinity is a necessary condition for obtaining the incumbency of many ecclesiastical benefices and employments, to which the government has the right of nomination, and as this diploma can be only granted by the university, it follows that a great part of the clergy are obliged to pass through this course in one of the universities of the state. During late years, however, the church having entered into an open opposition to the state, on account of some reforms introduced into the political institutions of the country, the bishops became reluctant to allow the students of divinity to follow the course of the university, so that from recent statistics this faculty appears almost deserted.

The following is the catalogue of the professors of the theological faculty of the university of Turin, with the subjects of their lectures for the scholastic year, 1856-7. (November-June.)

PARATO FELICE, member of the Council of the University, in Moral Theology, will lecture on human actions, on moral law and on the laws of the Decalogue and of the Church, at 9 o'clock, every day.

SERAFINO ANGELO, in Speculative Theology, will lecture on God and his attributes, at 10 o'clock, every day.

GHIRINGHELLO GIUSEPPE, member of the Supreme Council of public instruction, in the Holy Bible, will lecture on Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles, and Revelations, at 3 o clock, until April; then at half past three, every day. He will also teach Hebrew and Biblical Exegesis, every day at 4 o'clock, until April, then at half past four.

BANAUDI CASIMIRO, will teach Biblical Theology, at 10 o'clock, every day. SAVIO CARLO LUIGI will teach Dogmatical Theology, at 11 o'clock, every day. BARONE FRANCESCO, in Ecclesiastical History, will lecture on the History of the Church from Constantine to Charlemagne, on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, at 12 o'clock.

N. N. will teach the Art of preaching, on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, at 12 o'clock.

N. N. in Speculative Theology; will lecture on Sacraments in general, and on Baptism and on Confirmation, at 11 o'clock, every day.

FACULTY OF JURISPRUDENCE.—The course of this faculty extends through five years, and consists of the following thirteen chairs. 1st, History of Jurisprudence; 2d, Institutions of Roman Law; 3d, Ecclesiastical Law; 4th, Roman Law; 5th, Civil Law; 6th, Penal Law; 7th, Political Economy; 8th, Constitutional Law; 9th, Commercial Law; 10th, Judiciary Law and Theory of Evidences; 11th, Administrative Law; 12th, International Law; 13th, Philosophy of Jurisprudence. These subjects are divided through the course in this way: 1st year, History of Jurisprudence, Institutions of Roman Law, Ecclesiastical Law. 2d year, Ecclesiastical Law, Roman Law, Civil Law, Penal Law, Political Economy. 3d year, Roman Law, Civil Law, Penal Law, Political Economy, and Constitutional Law. 4th year, Roman Law, Civil Law, Constitutional Law, Commercial Law, Judiciary Law. 5th year, Commercial Law, Judiciary Law, Administrative Law, International Law, Philosophy of Jurisprudence.

No one can obtain the title of lawyer, or practice the legal profession or plead any cause before any court of the country, or be appointed in any place of the judiciary department, without having received the diploma of Doctorship in this faculty. This diploma opens also the most part of the official employments, both in the executive and in the administra

tive departments, and gives a better chance for election to the legislative body.

In order to afford a better opportunity to the students of this faculty who reside in the most distant parts of the country, there is a school of jurisprudence in Chambery and in Nice for the students born in those provinces. The programme, however, of these schools does not exceed the subjects which are taught in the first year of the course, after which it is required of the students to continue their course at the university. Thus three professors deliver lectures in each of those schools, according to the programme of the university and under the direction of the faculty of Turin, and of the council of that university. In every city, besides, which is at the head of a provincial department, there is a school of Civil and of Judiciary Law, which prepares its students for the professions of public notaries and advocates. This course extends through two years; in the first of which they are taught the elements of civil law, in the second the judiciary law, in causes both civil and criminal.

The professor of the history of jurisprudence, after having given to his students the fundamental ideas which are necessary to understand this part of their course, commences with the origin of the Roman law and follows it through its decline at the fall of the empire; and treats of the different laws promulgated by the succeeding rulers, of the most useful principles of the feudal system, of the canonical law, of the contests between the civil and ecclesiastical authority, and of the statutes of the ancient commons, and pursues the genesis and the changes of our legislation to the present time. In the course of his history the professor is required to point out the sources of law, and the causes of progress of justice, and of other phases of jurisprudence.

The professors of the institutions of Roman law, and of Roman law itself, expound compendiously the parts of that law, which do not enter into Sardinian legislation, and dwell upon the other parts, which are the foundation of the law of the country.

In the first year of the course on ecclesiastical law, the lectures treat, 1st, of the church and its authority; 2d, of marriage. In the second year their subjects embrace the doctrine of ecclesiastical benefices. The study of penal code is divided into two parts, in the first of which the general theory is taught, in the second special applications to different offenses. In this last part the professor dwells especially upon offenses against public faith, and against the peace and property of families and individuals. The lectures on commercial law embrace all the parts of this law, and include the maritime law. The course of judiciary law is divided into two parts, accordingly as it refers to civil or criminal proceedings, and includes in both parts the theory of evidences.

We give here the catalogue of the professors of this faculty, and their programme for the present year:

VACCHINO FRANCESCO, in Commercial Law, will lecture on it, on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, at 10 o'clock.