Literature, from the death of Augustus to the Emperor Adrian; he will also comment on some passages from the Histories of Tacitus, from the Satires of Juvenal, and from the Roman history of C. Vellejus Paterculus; besides, on one day of the week he will give his criticism on the compositions of the Students, on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, at 11 o'clock.

DANNA CASIMIRO, member of the general Council of the elementary schools, will lecture on the Institutions of Belles-lettres, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays, at 3 o'clock.

BONA BARTOLOMEO, in Greek and general Grammar, will explain the critical Grammar of Greek, and will develop the theories of the most accomplished modern philologists; he will also exercise the Students on the interpretation of Greek writers, on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, at 9 o'clock. He will lecture, on Saturdays, at 9 o'clock, on the Philosophy of language, and will apply the general principles to the classical languages. RAYNERI GIOVANNI ANTONIO, member of the general Council of the elementary schools, in Methodology, will lecture on general Method, on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Saturdays, at 11 o'clock.

RICOTTI ERCOLE, in modern History, after having pointed out the most important changes which have occurred in Europe, from 1492 to 1700, will lecture on the History of Europe, from 1700 to 1789, and more particularly on the History of France and of Italy, on Mondays and Fridays, at 11 o'clock. On Wednesdays he will exercise the Students on the knowledge of the historical writers, and on historical teaching.

BERTINI GIOVANNI MARIA, member of the general Council of the elementary schools, and an extraordinary member of the supreme Council of public instruction, on the history of ancient Philosophy, will lecture on the History of Philosophy, from Descartes to our times, on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, at 10 o'clock.

BERTI DOMENICO, in Moral Philosophy, will lecture on the comparative History of the principal systems of Moral Philosophy, on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, at 12 o'clock.

PEIRETTI GIOVANNI BATTISTA, in Metaphysics, will lecture on Theological Metaphysics, on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, at 10 o'clock.

FLECHIA GIOVANNI, on Sanscrit, will lecture on the Grammar of Sanscrit, and will interpret Visvamotra, an Episode of the Ramajana; he will also explain some fables from the Hitopadesa, and two hymns of the Rigveda, on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays,

at 10 o'clock.

SCHIAPARELLI LUIGI, will take place of the professor of History and Archæology. BERTINARIA FRANCESCO will take place of the professors of Philosophy.

RICHETTI CARLO and BACHIALONI CARLO will take place of professor of Method, when prevented from lecturing.

FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND MATHEMATICS.-This faculty embraces the following courses: 1st, Physical Science and Geometry; 2d, Natural History; 3d, Chemistry; 4th, Mathematics; 5th, Architecture.

THE COURSE OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE AND GEOMETRY is attended by the students who intend to become professors of these sciences in the secondary schools. It comprehends the lectures of the following chairs: 1st, Finite and Infinitesimal Analysis; 2d, Descriptive Geometry; 3d, Experimental Physical Science; 4th, Superior Physical Science; 5th, Chemistry; 6th, Mineralogy; 7th, Zoology; 8th, Botany. The lectures are divided in the following order, through four years: 1st year, Experimental Physical Science, Finite analysis, Linear Drawing: 2d year, Experimental Physical Science, Differential and Integral Calculation, Chemistry; 3d year, superior Physical Science, Mineralogy, Zoology, and Descriptive Geometry; 4th year, Superior Physical Science, Botany, practical experiments of Physical Science and Chemistry.

THE COURSES OF NATURAL HISTORY AND CHEMISTRY intend to prepare professors of these sciences for the secondary schools. They embrace the following subjects: 1st, Algebra and higher Geometry; 2d, Physical experimental Science; 3d, Chemistry; 4th, Mineralogy; 5th, Zoology; 6th, Botany. The subjects prescribed for the course of natural history are divided through four years, as follows: In the first year, the students attend the lectures on experimental Physical Science, Chemistry, Algebra

and superior Geometry; in the second year, on Chemistry, Mineralogy, Zoology and Botany; in the third year, Mineralogy, Zoology, and Botany; in the fourth year, Mineralogy, Zoology, and Botany. The subjects for the course of Chemistry follow this order: first year, experimental Physsical Science, Botany, Algebra, and superior Geometry; second year, experimental Physical Science, Chemistry, Zoology, and practical experiments in Chemistry; third year, Chemistry, Mineralogy, technical Chemistry, and practical experiments in Chemistry; fourth year, attendance at the laboratory of Chemistry, and the lectures on agricultural Chemistry.

THE COURSE OF MATHEMATICS proposes to prepare hydraulic engineers. They are requested to attend the lectures, 1st, on Algebra; 2d, on plain and spherical Trigonometry; 3d, on analytic Geometry; 4th, on infinitesimal Analysis, differential and integral Calculus; 5th, on descriptive Geometry; 6th, on rational Mechanics, and on Machines; 7th, on practical Geometry; 8th, on Hydraulics; 9th, on Architecture; 10th, on Buildings, and on Chemistry applied to the art of building. The order is as follows; 1st year, Algebra, plain and spherical Trigonometry, analytical Geometry, architectural Drawing; 2d year, infinitesimal Analysis, differential and integral Calculus, descriptive Geometry, Architecture; 3d year, rational Mechanics, Machines, practical Geometry, Architecture ; 4th year, Hydraulics, Buildings, and Chemistry applied to the art of building. Should the students of this course intend to obtain also the diploma of civil architects, besides the diploma of hydraulic engineers, they are obliged to attend, in the fourth year of their course, the lectures on Civil Architecture.

THE COURSE OF CIVIL ARCHITECTURE proceeds through four years, on the following subjects; 1st, algebraic Analysis; 2d, descriptive Geometry; 3d, practical Geometry; 4th, rational Mechanics; 5th, Architecture; 6th, Buildings, and Chemistry applied to the art of building. The lectures follow this order: 1st year, Architecture, algebraical Analysis; 2d year, Architecture, descriptive Geometry; 3d year, Architecture, practical Geometry, rational Mechanics; 4th year, Architecture, Building, experiments on Chemistry applied to the art of building.

Besides the preceding courses, a course for the education of Apothecaries is connected partially with this faculty, and partially with the faculty of medicine and surgery. This course is of two years, and embraces the following subjects: 1st, Mineralogy; 2d, Botany; 3d, organic and inorganic Chemistry; 4th, Pharmacy, Toxicology, Chemistry, History of drugs; 5th, Exercises in preparations. The students are obliged to attend the lectures of all these subjects in both the years of their course. Besides this course and the relative examinations, the candidates are obliged to spend two years as assistants in a licensed pharmacy, to pass an examination in this practice, and to sustain a public disputation on Mineralogy, . Botany, Chemistry, and theoretical and practical Pharmacy.

For the profession of Land Surveyors, there is no public course prescribed, but the students are obliged to file their names in the register of the university, declaring their intention of studying for that profes

sion. After this, they are obliged to study and to practice for three years under the direction of an engineer, architect or land surveyor, to be chosen by themselves, and to pass afterward a private and a public examination, at the university, on the subject of their courses.

The catalogue of the faculty for the year 1856–7 is as follows:

PLANA GIOVANNI, vice-president of the supreme Council of public instruction, in Analysis, will lecture on the introduction to the Infinitesimal Analysis, and on the Elements of differential and integral Calculus, at half past 11 o'clock, every day.

MORRIS GIUSEPPE, member of the supreme Council of public instruction, in Botany, will lecture on Organography, Glossology, vegetable Physiology, and Tassonomy; he will also undertake excursions in the neighborhood of the city, in which he will exercise his Students in determining Species; he will point out the natural families, (3d series,) and the medicinal, economical, and industrial plants in the botanic garden; finally, he will lecture on the distri bution of vegetables on the superficies of the globe, at half past 10, on Mondays and Fridays, till April, then every day, at half past 9.

SISMONDA ANGELO, member of the Council of the university, in Mineralogy, after having given the general principles of Mineralogy, will lecture on Flint Stone and its compounds, and on fossil combustibles, every day, at a quarter past 8.

POLLONE IGNAZIO, extraordinary member of the supreme Council of public instruction, and member of the general Council for the elementary schools, in Analysis, will lecture on algebraic Analysis, on Trigonometry, and on analytical Geometry, at half past 11, every day.

PROMIS CARLO, in civil Architecture, will lecture on it, at half past 9, every day. MENABREA LUIGI FEDERIGO, in Construction, will give the Theory of construction, on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, at half past 10; and on Thursdays will apply the theory to special cases.

DEFILIPPI FILIPPO, in Zoology, after having given the general Ideas of the Structure and functions of animals, will lecture on mollusks, etc., and at the close of the year, will give a course of lectures on parts of the human body, at half past 8, every day.

ABBENE ANGELO, in Pharmaceutic Chemistry, after an Introduction, will lecture on Galenic Medicaments, and then on Medicaments taken from the inorganic kingdom, on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, at half past 10. In the two last months he will lecture on chemical Toxicology.

RICHELMI PROSPERO, in Hydraulics, will lecture on this subject, every day, at half past 8; at the close of the year he will make hydraulic experiments at the Royal Hydraulic Tower, during the mornings.

ERBA GIUSEPPE BARTOLOMEO, in Algebra and superior Geometry, will lecture on these subjects, every day, at a quarter past 8.

FERRATI CAMILLO, in practical Geometry, will lecture on it every day, at half past 11; on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, he will lecture on descriptive Geometry, at 3 o'clock.

CHIO FELICE, in Superior Physical Science, will lecture on it, at half past 2, on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.

PIRIA RAFAELLE, in general Chemistry, after having given the general principles and laws of Chemistry, will lecture on Inorganic and Organic Bodies, at half past 9; he will make occasionally practical experiments.

N. N, in general and experimental Physical Science, will lecture on it, making occasionally public experiments, at 2 o'clock, on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. DELPONTE GIO BATTA will take place of the professor of Botany.

SISMONDA EUGENIO will take place of the professor of Mineralogy.

SOBRERO ASCANIO, in Chemistry applied to arts and industry, will lecture on Chemistry applied to the Art of construction.

BRUNO GIUSEPPE will take place of the professors of Mathematics.
CIMA ANTONIO will take place of the professor of Physical Science.

BORSARELLI PIETRO will take place of the professor of Pharmaceutic Chemistry, when prevented from lecturing.

The method of teaching is by lectures and by experiments in the experimental branches. Most of the professors publish elementary treatises on the subjects of their lectures, which are valuable both to the students and professors. These are also required to point out in their lectures and treatises the principal writers to be consulted by the students on the subjects of their study.

The discipline of the students is maintained by the same system, which is followed in the secondary schools. Indeed we should say, that expulsion

from the university is the only punishment, which can be applied by the scholastic authorities; we must also say, that the occasion very seldom arises of applying such a punishment. The Rector of the university is especially charged with the discipline of the institution.

Connected with the university, and under the direction of the government, there is a ROYAL COLLEGE of the ProvinCES, founded and endowed by the munificence of the kings of Sardinia and enriched by legacies of private benevolence. This is an establishment, in which the students are furnished with free board and lodging through all the course of the university, and with every aid in their studies and education. The royal college of the provinces disposes of about one hundred and fifty free places, which are given as a reward to those students, who have passed the most successful examinations. These examinations are opened whenever a vacancy occurs, and those students only can present themselves who have completed the secondary courses, and who are born in that province, to which belongs the vacant place. The students of the royal college of the provinces are also exempted from the examination fees.

After having completed the full course of the faculty, and having passed successfully all the annual examinations prescribed by law, the students are requested to enter upon a public disputation for obtaining the Doctorship. This disputation is upon subjects selected from those of the course, and published by the candidate. The discussion is sustained before the faculty, in which the collegiate doctors fill the office of examiners and opponents. The faculty afterward decides by ballot upon the merit of the candidate, bestowing upon him the Doctorship or rejecting his application.

The names of the students, who distinguished themselves in the examinations, are published at the close of the year, in the official paper.

From the colleges under the direction of the university of Turin, 740 students presented themselves in the year 1855-56 for examination preparatory to admission to the courses of the university, of which 607 were admitted, and 133 rejected. In the year 1856-7 there are in the university 1433 students, of which 2 belong to the faculty of theology, 709 to the faculty of jurisprudence, 264 to the faculty of medicine and surgery, 11 to the course of obstetric clinic, 17 to phlebotomy, 182 to pharmacy, 36 to the course of physical science and geometry, 7 to natural history, 16 to rational philosophy, 138 to the course of mathematics, 4 to the course of architecture, 32 to belles-lettres, 7 to methodology, 8 to the course of Latin grammar. Adding to this number the students, who pursued some part of their course in some provincial city, we have the total number of students 1858.

In the university of Genoa there were, according to the latest statistics, 556 students, of which 6 belonged to the faculty of theology, 282 to jurisprudence, 182 to medicine, surgery, and pharmacy, 86 to mathematics and architecture. The number of the students of the university of Cagliari was 325, of which 53 of theology, 125 of jurisprudence, 130 of medicine, surgery, and pharmacy, 11 of architecture, 6 of geodesy. The

number of the university of Sassari was 245, of which 43 of theology, 123 of jurisprudence, 76 of medicine, surgery, and pharmacy. From the colleges which depend upon the university of Genoa, there pass annually to the classes of the university an average of 201 students, from that of Cagliari 120, from Sassari 94, and the students who obtain annually the doctorships in the university of Turin reach an average of 525, in that of Genoa 140, in that of Cagliari 74, in that of Sassari 49.

The number of the professors in the university of Turin, including those of the cities of Chambery and Nice is 89, of Genoa 46, of Cagliari 34, of Sassari 29. Their salary is not uniform, being greater in Turin than in the other universities.

The university of Turin possesses for the aid of the intellectual education of its students the following institutions, the free use of which belongs to the professors, as well as to the scholars and the people at large.

1. A PUBLIC LIBRARY, which was founded by Emanuel Philibert, endowed by other kings, especially by Victor Amedeus II, and enriched by private donations. The library contains more than one hundred and ten thousand volumes, among which the collection of works on theology, jurisprudence, politics, medicine, and surgery, is the most complete. The principal treasures of the library are the Arabic, Greek, Latin, Italian, and French MSS. It possesses also many rare editions of the century in which the press was discovered, not a few of which are on parchments, among these the POLYGLOT OF ANTWERP, which was presented to the Duke Emanuel Philibert by Philip II. of Spain. There are also over one hundred MSS., of the remotest antiquity, on parchment, and a very rich collection of books on the fine arts, of ancient and modern prints, and drawings. The collection of Floras is complete, and there are many choice and rare editions of Arabic, Persian, Chaldaic and Hindoo books. 2. ANATOMICAL THEATRE.-The new anatomical theatre was founded by Charles Albert. Its architecture is simple and elegant in its construction, and it is surmounted by a roof of glass. Within are pipes, spouts, washing tubes, polished floors, and marble tables. The spacious hall destined to dissections is provided with all the improvements, which health and cleanliness require in anatomical operations. Under the main amphitheatre there is a spacious vault, where the subjects are deposited, and from which they are raised by means of a machine to a room above, where they are washed and laid on a marble table, and at the hour for the lecture, elevated by the same means to the floor of the amphitheatre, and placed in their position before the professor and the students. By other mechanical contrivances the subject approaches or withdraws from the professor. The light of the hall is so regulated, as to modify it according to the occasions. The walls of this hall are plastered with calcareous stucco, and are adorned with four great medallions, representing BERTRANDI, CIGNA, MALACARNE, and ROLANDO. Near the amphitheatre, there is a room appropriated for the use of the dissector, provided with all the contrivances for experiments. Between the yard of the anatomical theatre