remarried, in 1856, to the Marquis of Rapallo. Offspring of the first union are:-1. Princess (afterwards Queen) Margherita. 2. Prince Tommaso of Savoy, Duke of Genoa, admiral, born February 6, 1854; married, April 14, 1883, to Princess Isabella, daughter of the late Prince Adalbert of Bavaria; offspring, Prince Ferdinando Umberto, Prince of Udinc, born April 21, 1884; Prince Filiberto, Duke of Pistoia, born March 10, 1895; Princess Maria Bona Margherita, born August 1, 1896; Prince Adalberto, Duke of Bergamo, born March 19, 1898; Princess Maria Adelaide, born April 25, 1904. The origin of the reigning house is not historically established; but most genealogists trace it to a German Count Berthold, who, in the eleventh century, established himself on the western slope of the Alps, between Mont Blanc and Lake Leman. In the end of the eleventh century the Count of Savoy acquired the countries of Turin and Susa. Count Amadeus, in 1383, founded a law of primogeniture which greatly strengthened the family, leading to the immediate acquisition of the territory of Nice. In 1416 the Counts of Savoy adopted the title of Duke; in 1418 they acquired the Principality of Piedmont; and in 1713 they obtained the island of Sicily, with the title of King. Sicily had to be exchanged, in 1720, for the isle of Sardinia, to which henceforth the royal dignity remained attached. Genoa and the surrounding territory were added to the Sardinian Crown at the peace of 1815. The direct male line of the House of Savoy died out with King Carlo Felice in 1831, and, the existing Salic law prohibiting the accession of females, the crown fell to Prince Carlo Alberto, of the house of SavoyCarignano, a branch founded by Tommaso Francesco, born in 1596, younger son of Duke Carlo Emanuele I. of Savoy. King Carlo Alberto, the first of the house of Savoy-Carignano, abdicated the throne March 23, 1849, in favour of his son, the late King Vittorio Emanuele II. By the Peace of Zürich, November 10, 1859, King Vittorio Emanuele II. obtained Lombardy, with the exception of Mantua and a part of the surrounding territory. On March 11, 1860, annexation to Sardinia was voted by plebiscites in Parma, Modena, the Romagna, and Tuscany; on October 21, Sicily and Naples (including Benevento and Pontecorvo, part of the Papal States), and on November 4, Marche and Umbria. The first Italian Parliament assembled in February 1861, and declared (March 17, 1861) Vittorio Emanuele King of Italy. The remaining part of the province of Mantua and Venetia were added to his dominions in 1866 (October 21). Finally, the remaining part of the Papal States (province of Rome), having been taken possession of by an Italian army (September 20, 1870), after the retreat of the French garrison, was annexed to the Kingdom by plébiscite on October 2. The civil list has been settled at 15,050,000 lire. From this amount the children of the late Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, receive jointly allow ance of 400,000 lire; Prince Tommaso, Duke of Genoa, an allowance of 400,000 lire; and Queen Margherita, an allowance of 1,000,000 lire. The greater part of the private domains of the reigning family were given up to the State in 1848. Constitution and Government. The present Constitution of Italy is an expansion of the 'Statuto fondamentale del Regno,' granted on March 4, 1848, by 1 The amount of the civil list is, in fact, 16,050,000 lire, but the King repays to the State the annuity settled on Queen Margherita by law of December 6, 1900. King Charles Albert to his Sardinian subjects. According to this charter, the executive power of the State belongs exclusively to the Sovereign, and is exercised by him through responsible ministers; while the legislative authority rests conjointly in the King and Parliament, the latter consisting of two Chambers-an upper one, the Senato, and a lower one, called the 'Camera de' Deputati.' The Senate is composed of the princes of the royal house who are of age, and of an unlimited number of members, above forty years old, who are nominated by the King for life; a condition of the nomination being that the person should either fill a high office, or have acquired fame in science, literature, or any other pursuit tending to the benefit of the nation, or, finally, should pay taxes to the annual amount of 3,000 lire, or 1207. In 1905 (June) there were 320 senators exclusive of four members of the royal family. By the electoral law of March 28, 1895, electors for deputies to the Lower House are all citizens over twenty-one years of age who can read and write and who possess one or other of the following qualifications: they must have reached a certain standard in elementary education; or must pay not less than 19.80 lire in direct (including provincial) taxation; or, if peasant farmers, must pay annually at least 500 lire of rent, or be managers, with a share in the profits, of farms on which direct (including provincial) taxes of not less than 80 lire are paid; or, being occupants of lodgings, shops, &c., in towns, pay an annual rent ranging from 150 lire in communes of 2,500 inhabitants to 400 lire in communes of 150,000 inhabitants. Non-commissioned officers and men in the army have no vote while under arms. Members of academies, professors, persons who have served their country under arms for two years, and numerous other classes, are qualified to vote by their position. The number of deputies is 508, or 1 to every 64,893 of the population (census 1901). In 1904 the number of enrolled electors was 2,541,327 (7.6 per 100 inhabitants), exclusive of the electors temporarily disfranchised on account of military service (26,056 in 1898). At the general election in November 1904, the number of those who voted was 1,593,886, or 62.7 per cent. of those who had the right to vote. For electoral purposes the whole of the Kingdom is divided into 508 electoral colleges or districts, and these again into several sections. No deputy can be returned to Parliament unless he has obtained a number of votes greater than one-sixth of the total number of inscribed electors, and than half the votes given. A deputy must be thirty years old, and have the requisites demanded by the electoral law. Incapable of being elected are all salaried Government officials, as well as all persons ordained for the priesthood and filling clerical charges, or receiving pay from the State. Officers in the army and navy, ministers, under-secretaries of State, and various other classes of functionaries high in office, may be elected, but their number must never be more than forty, not including the ministers and the under-secretaries of State. Neither senators nor deputies receive any salary or other indemnity, but are allowed to travel free throughout Italy by rail or steamer. The duration of Parliaments is five years; but the King has the power to dissolve the lower House at any time, being bound only to order new elections, and convoke a new meeting within four months. It is incumbent upon the executive to call the Parliament together annually. Each of the Chambers has the right of introducing new bills, the same as the Government; but all money bills must originate in the House of Deputies. The ministers have the right to attend the debates of both the upper and the lower House; but they have no vote unless they are members. The sittings of both Chambers are public; and no sitting is valid unless an absolute majority of the members are present. The executive power is exercised, under the King, by a ministry divided into 11 departments. The ministry, constituted February 8, 1906, is as follows: President of the Council and Minister of the Interior.-Baron Sonnino. Minister of the Treasury.-Signor Luzzatti. Minister of Finance.-Signor Salandra. Minister of Public Works.-Signor Carmine. Minister of Justice and of Ecclesiastical Affairs.-Signor Sacchi. Minister of War.-Signor Mainoni d'Intignano. Minister of Marine.-Admiral Carlo Mirabello, senator. Minister of Public Instruction.-Signor Boselli. Minister of Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture.-Signor Pantano. LOCAL GOVERNMENT. In 1901 there were in Italy 69 provinces, 284 arrondessements (circondari) and districts, and 8,262 communes. The two principal elective local administrative bodies are the communal councils and the provincial councils. According to the law of May 4, 1898, each commune has a communal council, a municipal council, and a syndic. Both the communal councils and the municipal councils vary according to population, the members of the latter being selected by the former from among themselves. The syndic is the head of the communal administration, and is a Government official; he is elected by the communal council from among its own members, by secret vote. Each province has a provincial council and a provincial commission, the numbers varying according to population. The council elects its president and other officials. The provincial commission is elected by the council from its own members. It conducts the business of the province when the latter is not sitting. Both communal and provincial councillors are elected for 6 years, one-half being renewed every 3 years. The communal council meets twice and the provincial once a year in ordinary session, though they may be convened for extraordinary purposes. All communal electors are eligible to the council except those having an official or pecuniary interest in the commune. Persons not resident in the province, or having no solid interest in it, or who do not pay taxes on movable property, as well as officials in any way interested in the province, are ineligible to the provincial councils. Electors must be Italian citizens, twenty-one years of age, able to read and write, be on the Parliamentary electoral list, or pay a direct annual contribution to the commune, of any nature, or comply with other conditions of a very simple character. In 1898 the number of enrolled administrative electors was 2,894,592, exclusive of the electors temporarily disfranchised on account of military service, &c. (28,057). In the general communal elections of 1895, 1,762,081 electors voted, or 63 55 per cent. of the total number (2,772,934). The number of electors, both political and administrative, has been considerably reduced in consequence of the general revision of the lists in accordance with the electoral law of July 11, 1894; but there are no more recent statistics. Area and Population. I. PROGRESS AND PRESENT CONDITION. The first census of United Italy was taken on January 1, 1862, but at that date Venetia, certain districts of the province of Mantua, and the present province of Rome had not been annexed, and were excluded from the census. At the censuses of January 1, 1872 and 1882, the area was, as now, 110,646 square miles. In 1862 the area of the Kingdom of Italy was about 96,500 square miles. The census of 1862, of 1872, of 1882, and of 1901 gave the following results :-January 1, 1862 (excluding the regions annexed, Venetia, southern part of Mantua, and the province of Rome), 21,777,334; January 1, 1872 (present territory), 26,801,154; January 1, 1882 (present territory), 28,459,628; February 10, 1901 (present territory), 32,475,253. The following figures show the increase of the population of the present territory of the Kingdom of Italy from 1816 onwards in round numbers : The Kingdom of Italy is divided into 69 provinces, the names of which, with area (as determined by a recent survey executed by the Italian Government) in English square miles, the census population in 1882 and 1901, and the estimated population in 1905, are given in the subjoined table, which is classified ac cording to the old compartimenti, not now recognised as legal |