1903, was 147,655 square miles. The number of Japanese proper, at home and abroad, divided according to the six statistical divisions was as follows:

The population consisted of 23,600,931 males and 23,131,207 females in 1903.

On December 31, 1903, the population was divided among the various classes as follows:-Imperial family, 66 (Dec. 1905 and not included in the total population); kwazoku, or nobles, 5,055; shizoku, or knights (formerly retainers of the daimios), 2,167,389; common people, 44,551,830 (including the number of Ainus in Hokkaido, 17,783). On December 31, 1904, the number of Japanese residing in foreign countries was 148,636 of whom 97,065 were in the United States or in U. S. colonies, 31,093 in Korea, 9,941 in Great Britain or British colonies. On December 31, 1904, the number of foreigners in Japan was 14,708, of whom 9,411 were Chinese, 2,131 English, 1,585 American, 634 German, 528 French, 182 Portuguese, 90 Dutch, 45 Russian, 102 Swiss.

Besides, the population of Formosa was 2,974, and that of the Pescadores was 55,222 in 1903.

By the Treaty of Peace, signed at Portsmouth, N.H., September 5, 1905, the Russian Government ceded to Japan the lease of Port Arthur, Ta-lien, and adjacent territory and waters, and also the railway between Chan-Chun and Port Arthur, and the coal mines worked in connection therewith. Further, half of the Island of Sakhalin (or Karafuto) was ceded to Japan. The Island has an area of 29,336 square miles, with a population (1897) of 28,166. More recent statistics put the Russian population at 31,964, of whom 22,167 are convicts. The fisheries in the neighbouring waters are valuable. The Chino-Japanese Treaty of December 22, 1905, provided for the interests of China and Japan with respect to Manchuria.

The following table gives the statistics of the births, deaths, and mar riages of Japanese at home and abroad for five years :

In 1902 the still-births (not included in the above) numbered 156,763

(or 95 per cent.), and the illegitimate, 139,052 (or 93 per cent.).

The following is a list of large towns and cities in 1903 :

By the Constitution absolute freedom of religious belief and practice is secured, so long as it is not prejudicial to peace and order. The chief forms of religion are-(1) Shintoism, with 12 sects; (2) Buddhism, with 12 sects and 32 creeds. There is no State religion, and no State support. In 1903-Shinto priests, 84,488; students, 1,264. Buddhist temples, 72,208; bonze, 116,857; students, 9,379. There were, besides, 1,479 licensed preachers and 1,142 churches and preaching stations of the Roman Catholic, Greek and Protestant Churches.

There are shrines dedicated to the eminent ancestors of the Imperial House, and to meritorious subjects; these are independent of any religious sect, and some of them are supported by State or local authorities. In 1903 the shrines numbered 193, 298, and the ritualists, 15,468.

Instruction.

Elementary education is compulsory. The number of children of school age (6-14) on March 31, 1904, was 7,416,930. The following are the educational statistics for 1903-1904 :

The expenditure on the schools in 1901-2 amounted to 42,584,194 yen.

The two Universities are Tokyo Imperial University and Kyoto Imperial University. The former consists of a University Hall, Colleges of Law, Medicine, Literature, Science, Engineering, and Agriculture; the latter, of a University Hall, Colleges of Law, Medicine and Science and Engineering. They are supported by Government. At Tokyo University in 1904-05 there were 261 professors and teachers (exclusive of 15 foreigners), and 4,029 students; at Kioto University there were 127 professors and teachers, and 1,257 students. The bulk of other schools are also supported by Government as well as by local rates.

On March 31, 1904, there were 86 libraries in Japan, with 993,141 volumes. In 1904, 24,296 books of various kinds, and 1,499 periodicals, monthly, weekly, daily, were published.

Justice and Crime.

The

A system of justice founded on modern jurisprudence has been established. Judges are irremovable, except by way of criminal or disciplinary punishment. There are four classes of courts in Japan (exclusive of Formosa); namely, subdistrict courts, district courts, courts of appeal, and court of cassation. subdistrict courts (310) are the lowest courts and take cognizance of all petty, civil, and criminal cases. The district courts (49) exercise a more extensive original jurisdiction both in civil and criminal cases, and also a revising jurisdiction over the subdistrict courts. The courts of appeal (7) exercise an appellate jurisdiction over the district courts. The court of cassation (1 in Tokyo), being the supreme court, exercises an appellate jurisdiction over the courts of appeal, and also an original jurisdiction in serious crimes against the Imperial House and State, and in serious charges against members of the Imperial Family. In the court of cassation seven judges preside; in the courts of appeal, five judges; in the district courts, three judges; in each case, one of them being the chief judge. In the subdistrict courts, a single judge presides. A court which deals with disputes respecting administrative affairs is under the direct supervision of the Emperor.

A few judges of high rank are directly appointed by the Emperor, and some are appointed by him on nomination by the Minister of Justice. The following are the criminal statistics for five years :-

In 1903 there were 57 prisons, 93 detached prisons and reformatories (1 at least in each Fu and Ken). Number of prisoners of all kinds, convicted and accused, and those in reformatories, at the close of 1903 :Men, 59,212; women, 3,617; total, 62,829.

For the trial of cases connected with the military and naval services there are courts-martial.

Pauperism.

Formerly, for the relief of sufferers from extreme calamities, funds were provided in the central and prefectural governments (except Formosa and Hokkaido). With each prefectural fund the sufferers within that prefecture

were relieved; and the central fund compensated the prefectural funds, when more than 5 per cent. were expended in relief. In 1899, however, the central fund was abolished by new legislation, which settled that the minimum amount of the prefectural funds is to be 500,000 yen; that funds below that limit are to be made up by the Treasury; and that when the amount of relief exceeds 5 per cent. of the funds at the beginning of the fiscal year, one-third of the amount thus granted at to be supplied from the Treasury.

The relief statistics for 1903 show expenditure as follows:

The Central Government also grants relief to the extreme poor, to the helpless and friendless; in 1903, 17,959 persons were thus relieved, to the amount of 212,597 yen. At the end of 1903, 2,377 foundlings were being maintained, and the expense in that year was 36, 448 yen. There are, besides, several workhouses established by local corporations and private persons.

Finance.

I. IMPERIAL.

The following are the revenue and expenditure (the yen about 24.) for five fiscal years, the amounts for the years 1901-1902 and 1902-03 being actual accounts, those for 1903-04 provisional accounts, and those for 1904-05 and 1905-06 estimates :

1901-02

1902-03

1903-04

1904-05

1905-66

Revenue

Expenditure

Yen Yen Yen Yen Yen 220,054,127 297,341,348 256,979,920 293,500,937 388,417.869 219,757,569 289,226,731 249,596,156 287,417,173 419,008,791

For 1906-07 the revenue is put at 240,000,000 yen from ordinary sources, and the expenditure at 1,030,000,000 yen which will probably be met by exceptional sources of revenue and a loan of about 200,000,000 yen. The following is a summary of the budget estimates for the year ending March 31, 1906.

War finance stated separately is to the following effect :-On Dec. 28, 1903, an ordinance was published authorising the diverting of funds under special accounts, the issue of Exchequer bonds and the raising of temporary loans for military expenditure. The disbursements thus covered amounted to 156,000,000 yen up to March 30, 1904. In addition, the Diet in 1904 gave authority for raising 380,000,000 yen for war purposes and passed a supplementary budget providing for 700,000,000 yen. In 1904-05 it created a reserve fund of 40,000,000 yen, and in 1905-06 one of 80,000,000 yen. Thus the total receipts and expenditure for war purposes has amounted to 1,356,000,000 yen, made up as follows:—

The public debt of Japan stood as follows on March 31, 1905 :-Internal loans (5 to 7 per cent.), 656,290,614 yen; foreign loans (4 per cent.), 312,416,000 yen; temporary loans (mostly free of interest), 25,730,727 yen; total, 994,437,341 yen.

II. LOCAL.

The revenue of "Fu" and "Ken" for the year ending March 31, 1905, was estimated at 64,125,986 yen, and expenditure defrayed out of it 58,691,716 yen. Of the revenue 44,304,199 yen was from rates. The revenue of the cities in 1902-03 was 31,829,575 yen (11,371,884 yen from rates), and the expenditure was 25,986,669 yen. The revenue of the towns and villages in 1902-03 was 73,816, 164 yen (46,779,015 yen from rates), and