is generally necessary, the cost of which may be repaid by its application to wheat with which the clover is sowed. It must be lightly grazed during the heat of summer, but grazing may be commenced in April, interrupted in July and August, and resumed in September, continuing until January. The stubble fields will carry the stock well during the interruption. Herdsgrass and timothy thrive well on rich bottom lands of a close texture throughout the State. The most valuable of all forage plants is lucerne. This grows as well in Georgia as in France, and in the quantity and quality of the hay produced is unrivalled. On lands made very rich it may be cut five times during the summer, yielding a ton at each cutting, commencing in April. The price of hay in Georgia is never less than twenty dollars per ton; now it is more than twice that amount.

On manured uplands blue grass, meadow oat grass, orchard grass, vernal grass, grow during the winter. If these are kept shut up from June until December, and stock is then turned upon them, horses, mules, cattle, and sheep will need no other food, and will keep fat. They thus do their own mowing and hay rais ing. What a diminution of expense in stock raising. What a saving in costly barns. What a singular advantage of climate. The writer exhibited at the State fair five three-year old Ayrshire heifers from parents brought from Scotland by himself, which never had been fed beyond what they had obtained by grazing, and never had been under a shelter. They were well grown, perfectly fat, and quite equal to heifers of the same age in Scotland.

If it will pay to manure a meadow on which the expense of cutting and curing hay is to be incurred, and also of barn to store it in, much more will it pay to manure land for winter pasture, on which an equal amount of stock is kept, without after expense. When land is made rich and sowed down to winter grass it is quite possible to raise good cattle, colts, and sheep, without any other expense than interest on land, salt, and occasional attention. If these winter pastures are laid down in thinned woodland, the additional advantage is derived of doing away with dead capital in woodland, besides feeding a number of hogs, as the acorn and chestnut rarely fail in thinned and pastured woodlands. Bermuda grass will be spoken of in connection with sheep-raising.

FRUIT.

The peach tree in Georgia is long lived and subjeet to very few diseases, and the fruit is largely used in fattening hogs. Shipping early peaches to the northern markets must become an important business near the lines of railroads on the coast. It is to be regretted that the experiments in vineyards have not been more successful. These experiments were extensive, spirited, and expensive, but they have generally been abandoned. The Catawba has been almost exclusively used, and possibly some other grape may be found better suited to the soil and climate.

It was at one time supposed that good winter apples and pears could not be grown in Georgia, but since attention has been paid to native seedlings, fine and good keeping varieties of the fruits have been raised. The writer has seen together upon the table pears and apples of different years' growth. It is a surprising result that the best region for producing good winter apples is the poor and sandy belt just above the fall of the rivers in middle Georgia, a section so poor that, in the vernacular, it "will not sprout peas."

Really good cherries of northern origin and gooseberries do not thrive in Georgia, except in the mountain region.

The fruit business in melons, apples, pears, peaches, and market vegetables in Georgia offers an inviting field for enterprise. Atlanta being the railroad centre, and therefore most distant in point of time from New York by the two diverging lines, is fifty-six hours distant from that city. The freight on a bag of cotton from Atlanta to New York is seven dollars per bale, a fraction over one cent per

pound. Both freight and time are small, but the difference in season and price, according to season, is great. Let the market gardeners, who understand the importance of extra early fruits and vegetables, consider well the suggestion.

LIVE STOCK.

In 1860 there were in Georgia 130,771 horses, and 101,069 asses and mules. If there was any money in The number was greatly diminished by the war. Georgia to pay for them they would rule high. Prices, except in the cities, are almost nominal. Great attention was formerly bestowed upon blooded horses for the saddle and turf. Of late years the Morgan horse has been introduced, and found great favor as a horse "of all work." It must be many years before the stock of fine horses is replaced. Mules for the plough are in chief demand, and are mostly brought from the west, although with a proper attention to winter grass pastures a mule can be raised at less expense in Georgia than in Kentucky. In southern and southwestern Georgia all that is necessary is to enclose a canebrake, the young mule desiring no better food during the winter, and the range feeding him in summer.

In 1860 there were in Georgia 299,6SS milch cows, 74,487 oxen, and 631,707 other cattle-in all 1,005,882. This was a large proportion to the 99,000 white polls in the State, being somewhat more than ten to the poll. The Durham, The pure DurDevon, Ayrshire, and Bremen cattle have all been introduced. ham are too large for our climate and pastures; the others thrive as well as elsewhere under similar treatment.

In lower Georgia, in what is called the wire-grass region, cattle are raised largely, herds ranging from 100 to 5,000. These are neither fed nor even salted, no care being bestowed except marking and occasional penning.

With all the facilities for cattle raising in Georgia there is not a dairy farm in the State, except some small milch dairies near the cities. All the butter and cheese bought is from the north. There was one cheese dairy in the full tide of successful experiment, which was terminated by the death of the adventurous In 1860 the experimenter; yet the manufacture of a pound of butter or cheese does not cost more than one-half as much in Georgia as in Ohio or New York. butter crop of New York sold for twice as much as the cotton crop of Georgia, the latter was more than 700,000 bales. although that year

There were in Georgia, in 1860, 2,036,116 hogs, within a small fraction of as many as there were in Kentucky, and about four times as many as there were sheep in the State, yet the one requires grain, and the other does not. The one There were 33,512,867 hogs in requires labor, and the other lives in the range. the United States; about one-fifteenth of the whole number were raised in Georgia. According to the present system, which does not include grazing upon clover and grass, the hog is the most costly and least profitable stock raised in the State.

The census returns for 1860 show 512,618 sheep in Georgia. Of this number 25,432 were killed by dogs in 1866, yet the number of sheep is but little diminished since 1860.

Really good sheep, properly cared for and protected, are the most profitable stock which can be raised in Georgia. Under the ordinary system they are the least profitable, except in those portions of the State in which wool growing is a business. Ordinarily the farmer has not enough of poor sheep (yielding one to two pounds of wool) to deserve his attention, yet quite enough to make him lose his temper when the dogs kill them.. It would be cheaper to buy both wool and mutton than to raise them in this way.

The Merino, Cotswold, Southdown, and Tunis sheep have been fairly tried in The best blooded sheep of the north Georgia and at very considerable expense. have been reserved for trial. Intelligent breeders have united in the selection

of the Spanish, not French Merino.

The Merino cannot thrive better elsewhere than in Georgia. The wool is rather improved both in quantity and quality. The three different belts in Georgia require in each a different system of sheep raising. In northwestern Georgia the summer and fall range is ample. Wethers will live in the range all winter, but ewes and lambs require food for two or three months. The winter grasses, if sown, are amply sufficient for them, and rye pasture also answers well.

In middle Georgia Bermuda grass makes the best pasture. Probably no grass in the world gives an equal amount of grazing, winter and summer, as the Bermuda on good land, and if shut up during the summer it will keep sheep and cattle fat during the winter. It is the dread of the cotton planter, however, from the rapidity with which it spreads and the difficulty of extirpating it, and there are entire plantations in middle Georgia overrun with it. These have been abandoned by the cotton planters and can be bought as low as one dollar per acre in some cases. Many of these plantations have comfortable dwellings and out buildings upon them, are healthy and within easy reach of railroads. On land well manured or otherwise rich, Bermuda grass grows tall enough to mow and makes an abundant and nutritious hay.

Sheep raising is conducted on quite a large scale in southern Georgia, in the pine woods range. The flocks in some instances reach as high as 5,000 head. These sheep are never fed, summer or winter, living entirely in the range. They receive no attention except at marking and shearing times. The statistics of some of these grass counties show singular results in this connection. In 1866 Appling county had 8,210 sheep, 4,027 children between six and eighteen years of age, and 59 hands from 12 to 65 employed in all works. Coffee county had 12,390 sheep, 706 children, and 99 hands employed. Emanuel county had 15,249 sheep, 1,049 children, and 472 hands employed in all work. The number of acres of land in Emanuel county is 539,278, the average value of which is 98 cents per acre. The lowest average value of any county in the State is Telfair, containing 483,044 acres; average value 51 cents per acre.

In these counties, perfectly healthy situations can be selected. It is necessary to buy only a small number of acres for a settlement, the unfenced range being in common. Sheep can be bought at $150 per head. They are very inferior, but can be rapidly improved by a cross with the Merino.

It will be seen that Georgia affords great facilities for wool growing. In a large portion of the State sheep require no housing or feeding, and there are no "northers," as in Texas. The market for wool and mutton is within easy reach. Why, then, should the wool growers seek the west? With the subject of wool growing the writer is familiar from practice and observation at home and abroad. It is his conviction that considering the climate, price of land, markets and facilities for summer and winter grazing, middle and lower Georgia afford a prospect of more rapid fortune in wool growing than any other region within his knowledge. Cotton has heretofore blinded the eyes of planters to the value of their lands for this purpose.. There is no reason why the wool crop of Georgia should not be larger than its cotton crop ever was. The drawback has been the number of dogs, of which there were 92,000 in the State. These, however, are diminishing with the diminution of the blacks, for every farm negro has his cur. The last legislature passed a law rendering it a penal offence for any one to enter with a dog in a field in which there are sheep, unless with the consent of the owner. There is reason to hope that this dog nuisance will soon be measurably abated.

METALS AND MINERALS.

It was the design of the writer to treat fully upon this branch of the subject, but the limits assigned him render this impossible, and it must be dismissed with a few general remarks. The white marble quarries of Cherokee county are of

great extent, a portion of them affording statuary marble. The slate quarries of Polk county are now attracting much attention. The slate is considered equal to the Welsh, and is now being shipped to New York. The quarry is of enormous extent. Hydraulic cement, nearly white in color and of excellent quality, is made near Kingston, Bartow county. The indications of petroleum in Floyd county are strong. That section has been thrown up in the wildest confusion. The formation is the lower Silurian, abounding in fossils, and both the limestone and shale are highly bituminous. Iron ore abounds in Bartow and other counties. Large investments of northern capital are now being inade in digging gold and with fine results. If these mines were on the other side of the Rocky mountains; if there were hostile Indians between them and civilization; if it were necessary to transport provisions and tools on pack mules, there would probably be a great rush of adventurers to them. But they are in the "white settlements," 56 hours distant from New York, and are therefore not considered worthy of attention.

HOW NORTHERN MEN ARE TREATED.

This depends very much upon themselves; rude people will find rude people every where, as like begets like. There are two classes of northern men who cannot expect to be received with much courtesy. One is the class of correspondents of northern newspapers, who pass through the south misrepresenting the condition of things, thereby keeping open the wounds of our suffering country. The other is a class of men who provoke ill treatment by irritating and insulting remarks; but a northern man who comes here to live and minds his own business and identifies himself with the interests of the section which he has selected as his home, will be met and treated in his business relations with as much courtesy as any other good citizen. It is, however, proper to remark that families of refinement settling among us alone would hardly find their residence pleasant, however profitable it might be. They would not be disturbed, but they would be let alone. This is to be expected. We have passed through a terrible war. The superior numbers and resources of the North have overpowered us. It is human nature to be sore under such a result. It will be a work of time, the great healer, to remove this soreness. Our women, perhaps, feel this result more heavily than the men. While they would be guilty of no rudeness, for which they are generally too well bred, they would be averse, for the present at least, to intimate social relations with those who have been indirectly connected with the suffering which they have endured. These sufferings have in countless instances been terrible beyond expression. Every northern person of delicate sensibilities will readily understand and appreciate the condition of things referred to. It is due to them to express frankly the real state of facts to prevent a repetition of instances in which northern ladies have suffered keenly from a sense of isolation.

The money value of investments at the south now, in farming, machinery and mining, is indisputably great. To single men there is no drawback; for families these are the several disadvantages referred to. This can, however, be obviated by bringing their own accustomed associations with them, that is to say, moving in colonies. This was done in Dorchester, in South Carolina, and in Liberty county, in Georgia. The children of these emigrants are now among our most cherished and honored citizens. There might be several Lowells in Georgia. Colonists might purchase vast extents of cheap lands in a body The water power, with cotton growing beside it, and the mining interests, offe the material basis of many large towns, the proprietors of which would grow rich by the simple advance in property. We are prostrate. There is now nothing of the spirit of "the dog in the manger" in our people. Georgia needs capital and worthy labor. It will be welcomed from whatever source it may come.

CALIFORNIA-HER AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES.

BY H. D. DUNN, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA.

THE agricultural resources of California are of such magnitude, of so varied a nature, and, when properly developed, will be so valuable, not only to the States and Territories lying contiguous on the Pacific slope, but to the United States as a nation, that it seems strange a more general knowledge of the same has not been heretofore attained by the American people. Settled originally, on the part of the Americans, by a few pioneers, whose frontier habits of life were of a wandering nature, the vast mines of agricultural wealth contained in the soil (other than those partially developed at the missions) were overlooked, and the country, aside from occasional river bottoms and a few small valleys on the coast, was deemed sterile and unsuitable for culture. Walled in between the Sierra Nevadas and the Coast range of mountains, the great interior valleys and plains, producing immense quantities of wild oats and indigenous grasses, were valued only for the purpose of cattle raising, large numbers of the latter being slaughtered for their hides and tallow, which were sold to the few trading vessels that yearly visited the coast. At the missions, the first of which had been located in 1769 and 1770, a few small tracts of arable land had been cultivated, the soil producing bounteously all the smaller cereals, while the grape, olive, fig, pomegranate, and other semi-tropical fruits, brought by the priests from Mexico and Spain, flourished as if in their native soil. Such was the condition of California when war broke out between the United States and Mexico in 1846, and such, in great measure, it continued to be until the necessities of a large mining population, in 1849, inducod a more thorough and extensive search into the capabilities of her soil and climate. So ignorant were Californians of the agricultural resources of their State, as late as 1852, it was the general opinion of the people that, although immensely rich in minerals, it would always be impossible to support her then existing population without importing the greater part of the necessaries of life; that while there were a few valleys of undoubted productiveness, a vast proportion of the soil outside of the mineral regions was only suitable for the production of indigenous grasses for the support of cattle. With this mistaken view of her capabilities, many thousands of people left the country after having been successful in mining. Other thousands preferred to live without their families and the comforts of home while gold digging, under the idea that the mines, becoming soon worked out, with the staples of living imported, there would be no inducement to settle permanently in the State. These ideas were also propagated by returned adventurers in the Atlantic States, and greatly deterred the immigration of families, who were much needed to form a valuable and settled population in the agricultural districts.

SOIL AND CLIMATE.

The State of Califorma extends along the North Pacific from 32° 20′ to 42′ north latitude, and from 114° to 124° 33′ west longitude. Its greatest length is about 760 miles, in a northwest and southeast direction, averaging about 260 miles in width. A large portion of the country is mountainous or Lilly, the great Sierra Nevada mountain range extending along its eastern