direction could possibly attain. The resolution was carried unanimously.

The Rev. Dr. PATTEN, United States, gave a history of the progress of the cause in America, from the first commencement of Temperance by Dr. Rush, in 1825, till the movement reached the "high pressure" form of total abstinence in 1833, dwelling on the refusal of licences by the trial of the ballot box and by an overwhelming vote of the electors. New York, influenced by spirit dealers, was freed singly and disgracefully by the legislature from the operation of this decision; but the result was that five-sixths of the towns had pronounced against licensing! He urged England to imitate America in abolishing the licensing system.

FRIDAY MORNING.

The chair was occupied by W. CASH, Esq. Mr. J. DUNLOP read a paper on the Drinking Usages of Great Britain. It stated that a conventional connection had been injuriously and compulsorily established between business and drinking; drink-fines were organised in infinite forms; and a heavy tax, accompanied with moral and physical injury to the individual, was laid on journeymen, workmen, apprentices, small functionaries, commercial travellers, and young tradesmen starting in business; marriages, births, and even funerals were subjected to this brutalising tax. The system constituted the most slavish habits, the most deadly persecution, and the most arbitrary despotism on the face of the earth. He had a list of 300 of the above usages; but he would merely record the effect of seven in one small town of 23,000 inhabitants (Greenock,) where the annual aggregate of this degrading tax inflicted a cost of £26,800!

On this occasion the Rev. JOHN MARSH, in a brilliant speech, introduced the subject of a World's Temperance Union, which led to a very animated discussion, in the midst of which the meeting adjourned. In the afternoon the subject came up again, when many of the chief speakers shared in the argument on the resolution and the amendment, both of which were at ength withdrawn.

SATURDAY MORNING.

W. CASH, Esq., again occupied the chair.

Dr. MUSSEY said that when notice of a World's Convention, for the purpose of forming a World's Union, arrived in America, he determined, God willing, to be present. He rejoiced to find that the flame of Temperance beamed so brightly in the land of his fathers. Having been engaged in promoting the healing art for thirty years, he had discouraged altogether the use of alcoholic drinks, and his success had been greater than ever it had been while he allowed the use of them. He thanked the brethren present for the kindness which had been shown him and his brethren from America, and hoped the time would soon arrive for a World's Temperance Union to take place. He felt bound to devote a portion of his pen and of his earnings to the promotion of the great work.

Mr. R. ALLEN, of Dublin, gave a brief account of the progress of the Temperance reformation in Ireland. There were upwards of four millions of pledged Teetotalers. Still great exertion was necessary. The members were,

for the most part, of the humbler classes; very few, indeed, of the gentry, were with them, and but a very small portion even of the Catholic clergy.

In the afternoon Mr. DUNLOP introduced a discussion relative to the Long and Short Pledges, which assumed a somewhat stirring aspect, but was put an end to by moving the previous question.

The remaining papers, which were voluminous, were referred to a Committee, for the purpose of arrangement and of publication, as far as their importance demanded and the funds would allow.

Resolutions of thanks were unanimously passed to the Secretaries, and to the Managing Committee of the Convention; also to SAMUEL BOWLEY, Esq., and W. CASH, Esq., as Chairmen of the Convention.

W. CASH, Esq., returned thanks, and congratulated the friends present on having brought the business of the Convention to a conclusion; and thus the Convention closed.

It only remains now to advert to some of the concomitant meetings. The Soirée, at Freemasons' Tavern, was an affair of no ordinary interest. The speakers were not only to the point, but very brief, with the exception of Elihu Burritt, the American blacksmith, who discoursed for a full hour, of all men, all things, time, and eternity, in a manner that spellbound the audience. The closing as well as the crowning measure was the

GREAT MEETING AT COVENT GARDEN THEATRE.

This grand demonstration, to which the friends of the cause had so ardently looked forward, took place on Friday evening, in Covent-garden Theatre, and was all, and even more, than the most sanguine amongst them could have anticipated. The platform (which was erected upon the stage,) pit, and galleries, were crowded to excess (notwithstanding the admission was by payment,) and most of the boxes were filled with elegantly-dressed ladies and gentlemen. The vast building consequently presented a most animating scene, and forcibly reminded the observer of the similar immense gatherings that were wont to be held there for the purpose of promoting Free Trade. The proceedings of the meeting were opened at half-past six o'clock by the Rev. JABEZ BURNS moving that GEORGE W. ALEXANDER, Esq., take the chair. The motion having been se conded and carried, that gentleman took the chair amidst great cheering, and set forth the business of the night in one of his neat, judicious, and business-like speeches.

JOHN RUTTER, Esq., of Shaftesbury, to whose talents, tact, and excellent judgment, the Convention, from first to last, owed much, opened with a highly appropriate address.

Dr. BEECHER, in the course of his address, said, the success which attended this cause at its commencement was but weak, but its most ardent friends could scarcely have predicted for it such triumphs as it had already achieved. The success that God had given to it demonstrated that the cause was of God. Thousands and thousands, and thousands and hundreds of thousands of drunkards had been rescued from their outward filth, and purified from the sin of drunkenness. (Loud cheers) The number

that had now taken the pledge was equal to that of the professors of religion. The effect of the success of this movement would be the germination of health, vigour, and enterprise in the nation, and it would be productive of labour; for like as the gospel strengthened the intellect and formed the conscience, so would it concentrate the best energies of human nature. (Hear, hear.) Indeed, it was always found that where the community were evangelised, there were they the most industrious, the most economical, wanted the least, and produced the most. One man became a drunkard by drinking two or three times, which led him on to temperate drinking as a system. From this came the standing army of demagogues, who relied for their power on those upon whom they perpetrated their mischief-namely, the standing army of the drunkards-upon those who think they had better reign in hell than serve in heaven; and they therefore went to the drunkard to place the infernal crown upon his head. (Hear, hear.) In conclusion, he might be permitted to mention, that he had watched this cause for the last thirty-six years. He had seen it falter, but never stop. (Cheers.) After it had faltered, its elastic powers increased, when it moved again. (Cheers.) He did not expect that he should have lived so long, or that he should have seen the splendid sight he had witnessed in connection with the cause. It was said, that Bonaparte in one of his battles took down his telescope whilst the war was raging at its height, and calmly said to his generals, "The battle is won." And he (Dr. Beecher) had lived to see the indications, the progress, and results of this cause, till he could say, not with faith, but with a firm conviction, "The battle is won." (Great cheering.) He had seen the beginning of the end, and he could now die, not mourning, but shouting victory; and his heart exulted at what had been done, and it therefore glorified God, and magnified his praises. (Cheers.)

Mr. F. HOPWOOD, of York, Secretary of the British Association, followed with a very brilliant speech, which told deeply on the audience. Mr. E. N. KIRK, in the course of a speech of great power, said, the great work they had performed was to be accomplished, he thought, by four instruments-light, love, patience, and prayer. (Cheers) And he hoped that every Temperance reformer would go forth girded with this holy principle. They had a secret which they did not wish to conceal, and the freemasonry of that night was to open the arcanum of the world-the panacea that could heal many-he was almost going to say most of its woes. (Hear.) The persons with whom they had to deal might be divided into two classes-persons that had consciences and regarded its influence, and those who adopted their principles through the operation of public sentiment, which they were too cowardly to resist. When our blessed Lord was on earth he went about among men preaching his religion, not expressing his disgust at everything that offended him, but dealing with men as if they had consciences and hearts that could feel the power of the holy lessons he inculeated. There was but one class of men against whom he dealt in words of thunderthe proud, stern, self-righteous Pharisees, whom he described as whited walls and painted sepulchres, to whom he said, "Wo! Wo! Wo!" They could not convert men; they might ad

dress them in the language of truth, with angels' tongues, but without causing the moral sensibility, inherent in all human nature, to respond. (Hear.) He knew this did not exist to a great extent in England, but he knew that there were men who would deal in the drunkard's drink till nothing but public sentiment shamed them from continuing it. (Loud cheers.) But to form that public sentiment they had another class to deal with; they must deal with men as if they had consciences, as if they possessed sense and benevolence. The facts that had converted them would, he sincerely believed, convert others. "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you;" for if a man could not convert another unto his sentiments,-not by knocking him down, but by the repeated presentation of arguments, by example, and by charity, he must be almost beyond the reach of cure. They could not fail to conquer, for they had truth enough on their side to conquer the world. Let them go into towns, and other places where intemperance was rife, and by the influence of love, and peace, and prayer to the Giver of all good gifts, and of wisdom, and strength, propagate the doctrine of total abstinence. (Hear, hear.) He wished to say one word before he sat down, with respect to the training of children. Having had some experience as a pastor in America, with respect to children, he wished to add his testimony to the great advantage which was gained by teaching children the principles of Temperance. He entered upon the work of administering the pledge to children with great warmth, and he was struck with the development which it created. The full development of the mind of a child was the moral senses. The conscience and heart of a child were very susceptible of cultivation. He had found that they could understand the difference between right and wrong, long before they could solve the fifth proposition in the book of Euclid. He had made experiments, and the result was, the conscience of a child was made of as stern stuff as that of a man. He had seen them put to the test, and knew that they were acting rightly in first convincing them that a thing was right or wrong, and that they ought to abstain from it, to induce them to follow that advice.

The Rev. J. MARSH, of New York, a remarkably ready, vigorous, and business-like Houseof Commons speaker, said, every gift of God was small at its beginning, a ray of light was small, but it was seen gradually enlarging and extending over the whole earth. The very

Gospel itself was once confined in an upper chamber. Mark the amazing revolution which took place in the sixteenth century. Why, at one time the predominant religion was confined to the breast of a monk. (Hear, hear.) Wilberforce that man so beloved in Americathat man whom they thought of when first they saw England's shore-when they said, "We are going to the land of Wilberforce," he laboured twenty-six years before he could induce truth and humanity to break up the slave-trade; and the cause in which they were engaged had also overcome great obstacles, and was now delivering the world from the thraldom of intoxicating liquors. Any famine or disaster which cost the country millions sterling would have been considered its rain, and yet that vice of intoxicating liquors had saddled this country with an annual

expense of £60,000,000. If Nero had taken 600,000 of the population and stripped them of their clothing, their food, and their lands, and caused them to subsist upon charity, it would have been a tyranny which Rome in its degenerate days would not have borne (hear, hear); yet intemperance produced in this country greater misery and wretchedness than such an act would have created. (Hear, hear) Had some fiend been let loose from the realms of darkness, to produce such mischief as these liquors had created, we should have asked to be at liberty to purchase his absence, in order to save ourselves and children; and yet the law invested every gin-shop in London with this fiendish power, assisted men to commit crimes, and sent thousands unprepared into eternity. Look at the poor drunkard! what a wreck of a man! Look at him, and at his family; look at the miserable man on his bed of straw, dying of delirium tremens, and who, before the breath leaves his body, is in the agonies of hell. Look at that burning ship on the ocean, amidst the dark mass of midnight, all enveloped in flames, and rising up the rigging to the sails. See the miserable beings rushing to and fro in agony, and then hopelessly plunging into the ocean. Such, alas, was but a picture of the desolate condition of 600,000 souls in this country, and of 300,000 in America, and progressing in that state to eternity; and yet they had a cure for all this evil-a cure so simple, so easy, that they were too proud to adopt it-a cure costing so little, and blessing them with everything, namely, total abstinence. (Hear, hear.) It was their duty to adopt it-it was the duty of England and America-the duty of the Christian, and of the whole civilised world.

The Rev. Dr. Cox, of Brooklyn, U. S., one of the ablest men and most accomplished American speakers that ever visited our shores, said he desired to be temperate, but he was placed in circumstances which might cause even an abstainer to be intoxicated. When he left America last June, he intended when he returned, as he did in 1833, to have been able to say that he had never been at the opera or the theatre. But he believed that the cause always sanctified the place, and that the cause they were that night engaged to promote could consecrate any spot upon earth. (Cheers.) It was an axiom that had the stamp of eternity upon it, that the cause of Temperance was the cause of man-the cause of God. (Hear and cheers) It was the cause of man, both as to his body and his soul, and the cause of men mutually, reciprocally, and eternally. But the topic was overwhelming. He asked England to help America by her example in this great work. In the name of his brethren present, and in the name of all the truly wise and good in America, he protested against any breach of the peace between the two countries. (Enthusiastic cheers.) That, he repeated, was the feeling of the wise and good; and if no busy, meddling, worldly politician in Congress Hall, or in any other place, uttered language that might mystify the Horse Guards or the Admiralty, no earthly power would break that peace. (Hear, hear.) He and his brethren had come to ratify the treaty. Again, he asked England to help by her example. England justly reproved America for her slave-holding propensities; but he must say, let John Bull learn Temperance before he teaches America philanthropy.

(Hear.) He admitted that the cause was not at present popular, but it had also been unpopular to go to heaven. So great was the extent of intemperance in the gin-palaces of London, that if the whole of the spirits drank in these places in the course of a year were gathered into one great reservoir, the whole British navy might swim in it. The exertions of the Convention would, he believed, outstrip all other exertions, because they formed a body desirous of carrying out the principles of sound philanthropy. They would go forth to tell what it had done, the great progress it had made, and the potent influence which its labours would have not only on America, but upon the whole civilised world. He could not conclude without expressing a hope that "God save the Queen" and "All hail, Columbia," might be sung together. (Cheers.)

The Rev. W. REID, of Edinburgh, President of the Scottish Temperance League, delivered the most brilliant and exciting speech of the night; but as it was mainly composed of striking and original illustration, it supplies no passage to our purpose.

The Rev. Dr. PATTON, of the city of New York, next addressed the assembly in a speech of great force, which penetrated the subject to its core. He remarked, that there were two positions to which experience had conducted the friends of Temperance. The first was, that RELIGION COULD NOT GET ALONG WITHOUT TEMPERANCE. (Hear, hear.) This might seem to many a very bold position; nor should he dare to utter it had not the providence of God strewed so many wrecks along one way, all of which were to be regarded as monumental warnings. He alluded to the painful fact that many members of the churches, as well as the officers and the ministers of religion, had fallen into the dishonoured grave of the drunkard. These were, in many instances, men of amiable traits of character, and men of great genius and mental force; but still they fell before the destructive power of strong drink. He next adduced the recently published testimony of Archdeacon Jeffreys, who stated in a letter that the result of his observations was, the deep and strong conviction that the introduction of Christianity in India, with its drinking usages, would expose the nations to the very worst forms of depravity. That at present the power of caste preserved them from the use of intoxicating drinks, but that as soon as they professed the Christian faith they followed the drinking habits of their teachers, and became the most debased drunkards. He also introduced the testimony of Rev. Mr. Ellis, as proved in his recently published History of the Missionary Society, particularly the facts stated in relation to the South Sea Islands, where the powerful work of God which had there been witnessed was counteracted by alcoholic drinks, and that under this influence the population of those islands was rapidly diminishing. The speaker presented the contrast in the Sandwich Islands, where the gospel was introduced by total abstinence men, and where the work of grace had gone forward with unparalleled power-where the population were increasing-were rising rapidly into intelligence and influence-where they had excluded all intoxicating drinks, and were living in quietude, until a French frigate, under the muzzle of her guns, forced them to receive French brandy. (Hear, and Shame! shame!) The second position which he argued

was, that TEMPERANCE CANNOT GET ALONG WITHOUT RELIGION. He remarked that the experiment had been fully tried-associations had been formed, from which all religion had been excluded-ministers of religion were not allowed to address them-Scripture illustrations and some texts of Scripture were excluded; but this had passed away, and the same associations, convinced of their error, had changed their course. In other associations, though religion was not denied a place, still that place was remote and inoperative, lest it should offend. He stated, as an illustration of his position, that as a general fact all the Temperance associations are in debt, and find it exceedingly difficult to raise the necessary pecuniary means. The reason of this fact was, not that Temperance men are rendered poorer by their total abstinence, for thus there is a great saving; nor was it that Temperance men are less liberal than others, for they are ready to give; but the true cause is, that the appeals are mainly made for the temporal sufferings of the drunkard. Now it is the law of the mind that temporal sufferings make the strongest impressions at first, and that these impressions grow more and more feeble as they are repeated. But spiritual and eternal truths, when believed, impress still more and more the mind; the more they are dwelt upon, the more vivid and operative they become. What if the missionary associations were to make their appeals for the relief of the temporal sufferings and degradation of the heathen, could they obtain the vast amounts of treasure they now do? The reason why the pecuniary means flow in with a swelling tide is, because the appeal is made for the soul-for the eternal and spiritual interests of the heathen. Now if we would elevate the Temperance cause high up above the regions of storm and tempest-if we would have it move forward with majesty and force-if we would have it take fast hold on those sympathies which never languish-we must seize the blazing torch of revelation, and bring forward all its high and solemn sanctions, and, by the strong and steady light which it throws far beyond the grave, must follow the drunkard into eternity, and must listen to the solemn voice of God which speaks his doom. (Cheers.) When Temperance is placed on this solid foundation, not of sectarianism, but of true Bible Christianity, then will it command all the means and the agencies necessary for its final and glorious triumph. (Cheers.) The rev. gentleman said that he should now name a few practical results, or plain common sense principles, that lie at the foundation, and that need no argumentation; they need only to be stated to command free conviction-nay, may be considered as a SHORT AND EASY METHOD WITH MODERATE DRINKERS.

1. That all fermented as well as distilled liquors are intoxicating.

2. That all drunkards are made out of moderate drinkers. (Hear.) Of the 60,000 who will be needed to fill up the ranks of drunkards who will die, every one will and must be taken from moderate drinkers. They are the raw material out of which drunkards must be manufactured. The rev. gentleman expressed the hope that as the English were a manufacturing people, they would not send over any such to the American market, as they are a drug there. (Laughter and cheers.)

3. That no moderate drinker ever intends to

become a drunkard. If when he took the first glass, he could see written upon it, in letters of sulphurous light, "This leads to certain drunkenness and ruin," his hand would be palsied and he would start back with horror. (Hear.) 4. That the appetite is formed, and the habit insidiously increases upon him, so that he is known to be a drunkard long before he suspects it himself.

5. Hence, as it is impossible to make a drunkard out of the man who totally abstains, therefore we conclude that the cold water man is the only one who is safe.

But the question returns, Who shall supply the place of the 60,000 drunkards who will this year die in England? That their places will be supplied there is fearful evidence. The supply will be mainly from the young. But what kind of young men ? for all are not equally exposed. It is not the youth who carefully watches every copper, and so closely holds on to every sixpence as to leave his finger-prints, who is in danger of becoming a drunkard. His path to final ruin lies in the way of covetousness, which is idolatry. But it is the young man of generous feeling(hear, hear)-of frank open-hearted friendship, who is ready to treat liberally all his comrades; this is the man who is most in danger. The disease coils around every generous sympathy of his nature-takes base advantage of his guileless frankness-and whilst he is doing honest and warm-hearted homage at friendship's shrine, the galling chains of servitude are riveted upon him. And when the dream of his delusion passes away, he wakes up to the horrid reality of his ruin-deserted, degraded, loathed, alone. (Much cheering.) YOUNG MEN !-generoushearted young men, your safety and the perpetuation of your nobleness demand your name to the pledge. The love you bear your father and your mother, that you may be their solace in old age, and close their eyes in death, blessing God for such a son, demand your name to the pledge. The claims which your country has upon you, whether you obey her call in the tented field or the halls of legislation-whether in the administration of the laws or the more retired walks of honourable enterprise, demand your name to the pledge. The claim which God your Maker and your Redeemer has upon you pleads with you that you may keep your body in its best estate-that you may keep your heart from hardening influences-that you may keep your soul from the snares of the deceiver-that in body, mind, and soul, you may serve and glorify Him-that you may do good all the days of your pilgrimage; and that your death may be like the going down of the morning star, which sets amid light and glory. (Long continued cheers.)

cause.

Dr. CALDWELL, Professor of Mental Philosophy in Dickinson College, Pennsylvania, said he believed there was no representative of the Wesleyans present but himself; he would therefore state that the Wesleyans of the United States were warmly attached to the Temperance (Much cheering.) Indeed, he did not know a Wesleyan minister who was not a Teetotaler. (Cheers.) He could add, that the teachers of youth in the higher departments were, almost universally, enlisted in the cause of Temperance. (Hear.) It was his earnest wish that all who had attended that Convention would apply themselves diligently to work, in the full expectation of accomplishing all that had been accom

plished in America. He recommended them to diffuse information among the upper classes. He did not think that there was any nobleman, any statesman, any dignitary of the church, any individual so exalted that might not be addressed with effect. Caution, he admitted, was necessary; but there was a maxim current in America, and sufficiently plain to Anglo-Saxon ears, “Be sure that you are right, and then GO AHEAD !" (Much cheering.)

J. S. BUCKINGHAM, Esq., thought that all that was necessary to make the present meeting effective, was to carry out what had been proposed. The evils of intemperance had been pointed out, and the remedy must now be applied. Great alarm had been excited by a report of the introduction of cholera into this country, and measures were promptly adopted to check its spread. A few hundreds died of cholera, and the greatest alarm prevailed: thousands died in consequence of their use of strong drink, and little was thought about it, and no man took any trouble to prevent it. (Hear.) Christians of various denominations felt very deep interest in the propagation of religion; but while they sent out Bibles and missionaries, they also sent out large numbers of convicts to penal colonies, men and women made worse than heathens by the use of strong drink. (Hear.) There was wealth and benevolence enough in the country

to relieve all the distress that existed, but there needed a far more practical application of it. He appealed to that large audience, and asked them what they meant to do? Were they convinced that drunkenness was the greatest curse the world had ever known? (Hear, hear.) Did they rejoice that the corn laws had been repealed, which could only at best save a few millions sterling? whereas, if they were successful in establishing true sobriety, some fifty or one hundred millions sterling would be annually saved. (Hear, hear.) Let each begin the re. formation in his own house. Let females take the pledge themselves, and unite with the society. Let them refuse to take strong drink with their friends, and to provide it for them. They would lose nothing by such practice, but would be greatly benefited by it, and would furnish themselves with an instrumentality for usefulness which could not be obtained from any other source. (Much cheering.)

Mr. Clapp, of Massachusetts; Mr. Kendrick, of West Bromwich; Mr. Allen, of Dublin; Mr. Andrews, of Scarborough; Mr. Beaumont, of Bradford; and Mr. F. Douglas, the American slave, all took an efficient part in the business of the night.

The vast audience then dispersed, apparently much delighted with the addresses to which they had listened.

TEMPERANCE CONVENTION.

WE invite attention to our digest of the business of the recent Temperance Convention, which will amply repay perusal. In addition to all the public meetings, our attendance was close and constant throughout the eight successive sessions of the Convention; not to share in the proceedings, but to watch them, in order to make up a final judgment both as to the Temperance men and the Temperance movement,-ina word, to make a study of the Convention for personal and official purposes. We felt that such an opportunity in England had never before occurred, nor was it likely soon to occur

again, for fully ascertaining the true spirit of the movement-how far it is selfish or social, how far infidel or evangelical. On these great points the truth has come out most fully, and our views regarding it are thoroughly made up. Then as to the men: it will not, we presume, be disputed that this Convention may be taken as a fair representation of the Total Abstinence world, of the mind, manners, talents, and culture of its leaders. There were the presidents, the treasurers, the secretaries, the advocates, the authors, the editors,-all who form the foundations, pillars, topstones, and ornaments of the Teetotal edifice. Again, every tongue was vocal; the door of every heart was opened wide; there