Army and Navy.

1. ARMY.

The existing army organisation of the monarchy is based on the terms of the 'compromise' come to between Austria and Hungary, passed December 5, 1868, modified in some respects by a law of October 2, 1882. Military service is obligatory on all men who have completed their twentieth year, the only exceptions being in connection with certain family conditions and physical or mental capacity. No substitution is allowed. Men, who are free from military service, must pay (law of June 13, 1880) a military tax from 1 to 100 florins a year. The yearly contingent of recruits for the army amounts to 95,474; from Austria, 55,922; from Hungary, 39,552; besides, there is a yearly contingent of 10 per cent. (9,547) for the Ersatz reserve.' The army is divided into four categoriesthe active army, the reserve, the Landwehr (law of May 24, 1883), and, by a law of June 6, 1886, the Landsturm. The active army and the reserves are common to the whole monarchy and under the control of the Minister of War of the Monarchy; the Landwehr and also the Landstrum of Cisleithania and those of Transleithania are quite independent of each other, being respectively under the control of the Austrian and the Hungarian Ministers of National Defence, but all orders relating to great concentrating movements of troops must emanate from the Emperor-King. With certain modifications the Austrian military organisation has been applied to Bosnia and Herzegovina. In principle every qualified man must pass three years with the colours, seven years in the reserve, two years in the Landwehr, and ten in the Landsturm. Men who have served as officers in the regular army, or Landwehr, will be liable for service in the Landsturm till the age of sixty, while in time of war men may be taken from the Landsturm to fill up gaps in the army and in the Landwehr. The whole monarchy is divided into 106 recruiting districts, 102 corresponding to the 102 regiments of infantry, one district (Tyrol and Vorarlberg) for the Tyrolean Chasseurs and 3 in the Adriatic littoral for the marine. There are besides 4 recruiting districts in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The two Landwehrs have 184 battalions and 16 cavalry regiments in Austria and Hun gary, under separate administration from the army, for which, however, the recruits are taken out of the districts, named before. Each infantry regiment has four battalions, so that the infantry has 408 battalions. There are besides 32 battalions of ordinary chasseurs, and one regiment forming 10 battalions of Tyrolean chasseurs. There are 21 brigades, forming 41 regiments of cavalry, subdivided into se padrons; 14 regiments of corps-artillery, consisting in peace

of 153 heavy, 28 light, 16 riding and 12 mountain batteries; 12 battalions, forming 72 companies of fortress artillery, with 3 mountain-batteries; two regiments forming in war 52 companies of engineers proper, besides one regiment of 25 companies of pioneers and one regiment of 8 companies for constructing railway and telegraph. The Hungarian Landwehr (Honvéd) has 92 battalions of infantry forming 7 divisions, and 10 regiments of cavalry, each consisting of 6 squadrons. The following table shows the actual strength of the Austro-Hungarian army in 1888 :

*

There are no official data for the Landsturm, but the number of men who are obliged to serve would be more than 4 millions. In peace there are 50,362 horses, in war 217,000; in peace 816 fieldguns, in war 1,748.

navy

2. NAVY.

The of Austria in all its branches is under the supreme command of the head of the Naval Department of the Ministry of War. The naval forces consisted, in the year 1888, of 11 iron

*.e. the number of men who are inscribed in the list of army (line and reserve) and Landwehr, and who are obliged to serve under colours in case of

war. "

clads, dating from 1865 to 1887, 2 unarmoured frigate cruisers, 8 corvette cruisers, 8 torpedo vessels, 12 vessels for coast defence (6 gun-boats, 6 paddle steamers), 9 transport and service ships, 2 river-monitors, 42 torpedo-boats, besides 10 tenders and school ships, and 6 hulks. The table below gives the list of the 11 armourclad ships, in similar arrangement to that describing the British ironclad navy, only the large guns being given.

The Custoza, first in the list of sea-going cruisers, launched in 1872, is a central battery broadside ironclad, 302 feet in length, and 58 feet in extreme breadth, armed with Krupp guns. Likewise a broadside ship, and with an armoured citadel, an addition of the latest improvements, is the Tegetthoff, 287 feet long, and 71 feet broad. The Tegetthoff, constructed in 1875-78 at the Stabilimento Technico Trieste, having a belt of iron armour 14 inches thick, and armed with six 11-inch Krupp guns, weighing 27 tons, is considered the strongest ironclad for aggressive warfare. The ship fourth in the list, the Erzherzog Albrecht, launched in 1872, is 285 feet in length, and 56 in extreme breadth, also armed with Krupp guns. The Kronprinz Rudolf, a central citadel barbette ship, was launched at Pola in July 1887, and the Stephanie, a barbette belted ship, was launched at Trieste in April 1887. Each carry 12-inch guns in barbettes. The Austrians have given great attention to the development of their torpedo-flotilla for many years, and have recently added eight sea-going cruisers to their fleet. Two of these, the Panther and Leopard, were designed and built at Elswick, by Mr. W. H. White, now Director of Naval Construction at the Admiralty; they are of 1,530 tons displacement and have attained a speed of

very nearly 19 knots when fully armed and equipped. The third, named Tiger, was built at Trieste with 1,675 tons displacement. These are the fastest cruisers of the class afloat with horse-power 3,500 to 4,000.

The personnel of the navy consists (1888) in peace of 3 viceadmirals, 7 rear-admirals, 17 captains of ships-of-the-line, 22 captains of frigates, 20 captains of corvettes, 166 lieutenants, 284 ensigns and cadets, and 7,500 sailors. In war the sailors number 17,291, and the officers are proportionately augmented. The navy is recruited partly by a general levy from the seafaring population of the Empire and partly by voluntary enlistment. A Seewehr corresponding to the Landwehr was created in 1888, and the term of service in army and navy are now alike.

The following are the chief territorial defences:-In Bohemia: Josephstadt and Theresienstadt, fortified towns; in Moravia: Olmütz, a fortified and intrenched camp; in Galicia: Cracow, fortified and intrenched camp at Przemysl. Hungary and Transylvania on the left of the Theiss, Karlsburg, Arad, and Temesvar; Kronstadt on Transylvanian Alps; on the Danube, Komorn, Peterwardein and Orsova; on the Drave, Essegg. Croatia, Brod, Gradiska, Karlstadt on the right of the Save. In Dalmatia are the coast fortifications of Zara, Ragusa, Cattaro, Sebenico, Budua and Lissa island; in Istria, Pola, fortified naval harbour. The Alpine frontiers in Tyrol have numerous defences on all the routes, and also between Tyrol and the Adriatic. In Bosnia and Herzegovina are numerous old fortifications. The Austrian capital, Vienna, is undefended. Pola, the chief naval port, is strongly fortified, both towards sea and land, and has been recently enlarged, so as to be able to accommodate the entire fleet. The arsenal of the Imperial navy is also in Pola; Trieste is the great storehouse, and there is also an arsenal of the Imperial navy. The land frontier of Austria-Hungary is 4,300 miles in extent, and the sea boundary 900 miles, or with the coast-line of the islands 2,700 miles.

Area and Population.

The Austrian dominions-exclusive of the Turkish provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which are under the administration of Austria-Hungary since 1878, but have as yet not been formally incorporated with it-have an area of 622,310 square kilometres, or 240,942 English square miles, with a population at the last census, December 31, 1880, of 37,883,503, or 160 per square mile. the preceding census the population was 35,906,085. The increase during the period, embracing eleven years, amounted to 8.6 per cent. for the Cisleithan monarchy, but only to 148 per cent. for Hungary. In Austria the density of the population is 191 per

At

square mile, and in Hungary 135 per square mile. The density in both divisions varies much; in Lower Austria it is over 300 per square mile, and in Salzburg less than 60. As a rule the density declines from west to east, the industrial districts of the north-west being most thickly populated.

The following table gives the area, and total number of inhabitants, of the various provinces of the Monarchy, after the returns of the census of December 31, 1880, and the estimates for December 31, 1887, in the case of Austria, and 1886 in the case of Hungary :

In Austria there were 11,456,387 males and 11,990,805 females in 1887; in Hungary, at the census of 1880, 7,800,067 males and 7,939,192 females.

It was decided at the Congress of Berlin that the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina should be occupied and administered by AustriaHungary. The Sanjak of Novi-Bazar is occupied by an Austrian military force, though administered civilly by Turkey.