The capital of the consolidated and redeemable debt amounted to 11,240,936,860 lire on July 1, 1889, or about 450,000,0007. sterling.

The burden of the debt per head of population is 157., and of the interest 14s. The value per head of the special exports in 1887 was 11. 78.

The total revenue of the communes of Italy in 1885 amounted, according to official reports, to 561,798,719 lire, and the revenue of the provinces amounted to 120,501,720 lire. The debts of the communes in 1885 (December 31) amounted to 883,1 3,756 lire; of the provinces in 1884 (December 31) to 152,263,505 lire.

Army and Navy.

Universal liability to arms forms the basis of the military organisation of Italy. A certain portion of all the young men who have completed their twentieth year, amounting to about 200,000, is levied annually, 80,000 of whom are drafted into the standing army, while the rest are entered in a second and third category.

According to the law of August 6, 1888, the time of service in the standing army for the first category of recruits is five years in the infantry and four years in the cavalry, and three years in the other arms. Having completed their service under arms, the men of the first category are granted unlimited leave, but are enrolled in the permanent army, the infantry for four years, the cavalry five years, when they are both transferred to the territorial militia. The men belonging to the other arms are enrolled in the permanent army for five or six years, when they are transferred to the mobile militia, in which they complete twelve years of service before being transferred to the territorial militia. Those of the second category are entered in the permanent army for eight years, and the mobile militia for four years, when they form part of the territorial militia. The men of the third category are entered at once in the territorial militia, but are given unlimited leave. The total period of service is 19 years. As in the German army, young men of superior education are permitted under certain conditions to serve as one-year volunteers. The different arms of the Italian army have the following organisation according to the law of June 23, 1887 :

I. PERMANENT ARMY.

Infantry-96 regiments of the line and 12 regiments of bersaglieri, each regiment of 3 battalions of 4 companies and 1 depot; 7 regiments of Alpine troops, divided into 22 battalions, in all 75 companies; 87 military districts with 98 companies.

Cavalry-24 regiments of 6 squadrons and 1 depot; 6 depots

for remounts.

Artillery-12 regiments of divisional field artillery, each of one staff and 8 batteries; 1 company of train, and 1 depot; 12 regiments of army corps field artillery, of one staff and 8 batteries; 1 brigade of train, 2 companies and 1 depot; 1 regiment of horse artillery, of 1 staff, 3 mounted brigades, 6 batteries; 1 brigade of train, of 4 companies and 1 depôt; 1 regiment of mountain artillery, of 1 staff, 3 brigades of 9 batteries, 1 depot; 5 regiments of fortress artillery, 2 of these composed each of 1 staff, 4 brigades (16 companies and 1 depot), the other 3 each of 1 staff, 3 brigades (12 companies and 1 depot): 5 companies of artillery mechanics, and 1 company of veterans.

Engineers:-4 engineer regiments, two of which of 1 staff, 6 brigades of sappers (18 companies); 1 brigade of train (2 companies), and 1 depot; the 3rd regiment of 1 staff, 3 sapper brigades (7 companies); 3 brigades (6 companies) of telegraphists and 1 of specialists; 1 brigade train (3 companies), and 1 depôt; the 4th regiment of 1 staff, 3 brigades of pontooners (8 companies); 1 railway brigade (4 companies); 1 lagoon brigade (2 companies); 1 train brigade (3 companies), and 1 depôt.

Carabineers:-11 territorial legions, and 1 legion of cadets.

Invalids and veterans, 4 companies; sanitary corps, 12 companies; commissariat, 12 companies; veterinary corps; administrative corps; establishments and institutes of instruction; disciplinary establishments, 15 companies; 2 houses of correction.

II. MOBILE MILITIA.

Infantry-48 regiments of the line of 3 battalions of 4 companies; 18 battalions of bersaglieri of 4 companies; 22 companies of Alpine troops.

Artillery-13 brigades of field artillery of 4 batteries; 14 companies of train; 36 companies of fortress and coast artillery; 3 brigades of mountain artillery of 3 batteries.

Engineers:-7 brigades of sappers, with 21 companies; 1 brigade of pontooners of 4 companies; 1 railway brigade of 2 companies; 1 telegraph brigade of 3 companies; 1 lagoon company; 5 companies of train.

Sanitary corps of 12 companies, and commissariat corps of 12 companies.

Special militia of Sardinia :-3 regiments of the line, each of 3 battalions of 4 companies; 1 battalion of Bersaglieri of 4 companies; I squadron of cavalry; 1 brigade of field artillery of 2 batteries, and 1 company of train; 1 brigade of fortress artillery of 4 companies; 1 company of engineers; 1 sanitary company; and 1 commissariat company.

III. TERRITORIAL MILITIA.

320 battalions of infantry of 4 companies; 20 battalions of Alpine troops with 75 companies; 100 companies of fortress artillery and 20 brigade commands; 30 companies of engineers and 6 brigade commands; 13 sanitary companies; 13 commissariat companies. In time of peace the territorial militia is called out every four years for 30 days' drill, which may be divided into two, three, or four years.

There are 12 army corps. The following is the official statement of the strength of the Italian army for June 1, 1888:

=

The following table contains the official data as to the strength of the Italian navy on January 1, 1888. I iron; S = steel; W = wood; B = breech-loader; M = muzzle-loader :

There were building at the same time 6 first-class ironclads, a total of 73,500 tons, 4 second-class ironclads of 10,800 tons; 7 third-class of 5,800 tons; 1 third-class transport; 1 vessel for local use; 1 torpedo cruiser; 32 ocean torpedo vessels; 2 firstclass torpedo vessels. The total tonnage, building is 93,890, and horse-power 154,400.

The table given on next page is a tabular list of the armour-clad ships and some of the principal unarmoured ships of the Italian The Duilio and Dandolo belong to the central-citadel type, navy. of which the Inflexible is the most powerful example in the British Navy, and are superior to the Inflexible in armament and speed, although not quite so strongly protected..

The Italia and Lepanto are the two largest war-ships yet built. They are 400 feet long, 74 feet broad, and have a mean draught of water exceeding 30 feet. In addition to their monster guns, seven 4-ton 6-inch breech-loading guns are mounted on the broadside in one ship and nine in the other. There is no vertical

belt-armour protecting the water-line, but instead of it a deck covered with 4- and 3-inch steel plates is built about 6 feet below water. These vessels were laid down in, 1877-78, were launched in 1880 and 1883 respectively, and in January 1886 the Italia was completed and the Lepanto in 1888. The Ruggiero di Lauria was launched in 1884, and the Andrea Doria and the Francesco Morosini in 1885. The cost of each of the former ships is over a million sterling.

The Etna was launched in 1885, the Stromboli and the Vesuvio in 1886, the Fieramosca and the Dogali in 1887.

The navy was manned in 1888 by 1 admiral, 7 vice-admirals, 14 rear-admirals, 131 captains, 323 lieutenants, besides 181 engineers and machinists, 134 medical staff, 255 commissariat, and 11,682 men, besides 34,000 officers and men on unlimited leave or in reserve. The navy is recruited on the same system as the army.

Ships incomplete or in course of construction.

†These ships have no side armour, but inclined armour 19 in. thick on the citadel, and 15 in. thick round the funnel hatchways. Armour on ammunition tube 19 in. thick.