wine exported from Portugal to the United Kingdom in each of the five years from 1883 to 1887:

For the total imports of wine, from all countries, into the United Kingdom, during the last ten years, see Spain. In 1887 it was 15,383,641 gallons, valued at 5,466,2667.; consequently a little less than onefifth the quantity and one-sixth the value was from Portugal.

Only about 51 per cent. of the soil of Portugal is cultivated; 22-6 is under tillage, 167 under grass, 8 per cent. under woods and forests, 2.2 per cent. under vineyards. Sufficient grain is not produced for the consumption of the population, but considerable quantities of potatoes, oranges, orrions, figs, and garlic are exported. The average annual value of the cereal production is estimated at 8,600,000l., of which Indian corn 4,000,000l. and wheat 2,673,0002. were the chief items. The produce of wine in 1885 was 76 million gallons. In 1882 there were 2,977,454 sheep and 624,658 cattle. Portugal has about 4,000 vessels engaged in fishing, and the exports of sardines and herrings are considerable. Iron ore is

worked in some places, and a small quantity is exported; copper is worked in the south, and considerable quantities of copper are exported. There are no manufactures of importance. The population directly engaged in industries of various kinds, exclusive of agriculture, in 1881 was 90,998.

The commercial navy of Portugal consisted, on the 1st of January, 1888, of 220 vessels over 100 tons (including 30 steamers), of 79,516 tons in all. In 1887 there entered Portuguese ports (exclusive of coasters) 5,787 vessels of 3,454,000 tons, and cleared 5,841 of 3,395,000 tons. There were besides 6,046 coasters entered and 5,904 cleared.

The length of railways open for traffic in July 1888 was 1,192 miles. At the same time 300 miles were under construction. All

the railways receive subventions from the State.

The number of post-offices in the kingdom in December 1887 was 1,027. There were 20,219,712 letters, 3,056,279 post-cards, and 16,944,182 newspapers, &c., carried in the year 1887. The number of telegraph offices, at the end of 1885, was 275. There were, at the same date, 3,210 miles of line and 7,468 English miles of wire. The number of telegrams transmitted, received, and in transit in the veer 1885 was 1.730.107.

Colonies.

At the Berlin Congress of 1884-85 the claim of Portugal was admitted to the territory from Ambriz to the mouth of the Congo, along the river to nearly opposite Vivi, eastwards to the river Kwango, and south along that river to beyond 11° south latitude; also to a small stretch of coast north of the Congo, including Cabinda and Landana.

The colonial possessions of Portugal, situated in Africa and Asia, are as follows:

:

Portugal, however, claims a belt of country across the African continent, bounded to some extent on the south by the Zambesi, and which in area would cover about a million square miles. The total expenditure on account of the colonies for 1888-9 was estimated at 3,889,077 milreis.

In the colonial budgets for 1888-9, the total revenue is estimated

at 2,905,637 milreis, and the expenditure at 3,889,077 milreis The revenue for Angola is 493,760 milreis, and expenditure = 1,122,817 milreis; for Mozambique, revenue, 493,760 milreis, and expenditure, 856,675 milreis.

The total exports (including articles re-exported) from the African colonies to the mother country in 1887 amounted to 2,957,284 milreis, and from the Asiatic colonies to 34,685 milreis; the total imports from the mother country into the African colonies amounted to 601,462 milreis, and into the Asiatic colonies to 19,469 milreis. The exports from the whole of the Portuguese colonies, including the Azores and Madeira, to Great Britain in 1887 amounted to 347,4561., and imports of British produce into the colonies to 700,8187.

Although of small extent, the Cape Verde Islands are estimated the most important colonial possession of Portugal, politically and commercially. The island of St. Vincent is 70 English square miles in extent, but with not more than 3,297 inhabitants.

In Angola there were, in 1888, 38 miles of railway in operation, and 57 miles in Mozambique (Delagoa Bay).

By the terms of a law passed by the Cortes Geraes of Portugal in 1858, domestic slavery came to an end, nominally, in all the Portuguese colonies and settlements on the 29th of April, 1878.

Diplomatic Representatives.

1. OF PORTUGAL IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Envoy and Minister.—Senhor M. M. d'Antas, accredited Envoy and Minister to Great Britain, April 30, 1877.

Secretaries.-L. de Soveral; Chevalier Luis de Quillinan.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN PORTUGAL.

Envoy and Minister.—George Glynn Petre, C.B. Appointed January 25, 1884. Secretaries.-Sir G. F. Bonham, Bart.; Arthur G. Vansittart.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Portugal, with the British equivalents, are as follows:

MONEY.

The Milreis, or 1,000 Reis Average rate of exchange, 4s. 5d., or about 4 milreis to £1 sterling.

Large sums are calculated in Contos of Reis, or 1,000,000 Reis, value £222 4s. 5d.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The metric system of weights and measures are the legal standards. The chief old measures still in use are:

Statistical and other Books of Reference relating to Portugal.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Annuario estadistico de Portugal, 1885. Lisbon, 1887.

Boletin Official.

Lisbon, 1888.

Commercio do Continente do Reino e Ilhas Adjacentes com Paizes Estrangeiros, &c., no anno de 1887. Lisboa, 1888.

Diario da Camara dos Senhores Deputados. Lisbon, 1888.

Diario do Governo. Lisbon, 1888.

Orçamento Geral e Proposta de Lei das Receitas e das Despezas Ordinarias do Estado na Metropole para o Exercicio de 1888-89. Lisbon, 1888.

Correspondence relative to negotiations between Great Britain and Portugal, for conclusion of the Congo Treaty, 1882-84. London, 1884.

Despatch to H.M.'s Minister at Lisbon enclosing the Congo Treaty, signed February 26, 1884. London, 1884.

Reports for 1887 on the finances of Portugal, in No 287; on the trade of Portugal, in No. 343; on the trade of Lisbon, in No. 382; on the agriculture of Northern Portugal, in No. 264; on the trade and agriculture of Angola, in Nos. 333 and 334; on agriculture in Portugal, in No. 361; trade of Madeira, in No. 401; of Quillimane, in No. 414 of Diplomatic and Consular Reports,' 1888.

Hertslet (Sir E.), Foreign Office List. Published annually. London, 1889. Trade of Portugal with the United Kingdom; in 'Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1887.' Imp. 4. London, 1888.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

As Coloneas Portuguezas. Revista Illustrada. Lisbon. Published monthly. Aldama-Ayala (G. de), Compendio Geographico-estadistico de Portugal e sus Posesiones Ultramarinas. 8. Madrid, 1880.

Balbi (A.), Essai statistique sur le Royaume de Portugal. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1862. Barros e Cunha (J. G. de), Historia da Liberdade em Portugal. Vol. I. 8. Lisboa, 1869.

Barros e Cunha (J. G. de), Hoje: on the present situation, financial and political, of the Kingdom of Portugal. 8. London, 1868.

Crawfurd (Oswald), Portugal: Old and New. 8. London, 1880.

Eschwege (Wilhelm L. von), Portugal: ein Staats- und Sittengemälde, nach dreissigjährigen Beobachtungen und Erfahrungen. 8. Hamburg, 1837. Lavigne (Germond de), L'Espagne et le Portugal. 8. Paris, 1883.

La Teillais (C. de), Etude historique, économique et politique sur les colonies portugaises, leur passé, leur avenir. 8. Paris, 1872.

Les Colonies Portugaises. Lisbon, 1878.

Oliveira Martins (J. P.), Historia de Portugal. 2 vols. Lisbon, 1880. Oliveira Martins (J. P.), Portugal Contemporanea. 2 vols. Lisbon, 1881. Pery (Gerardo A.), Geographia e Estatistica Geral de Portugal e Colonias 8. Lisboa, 1875.

ROUMANIA.

Reigning King.

Carol I., King of Roumania, born April 20, 1839, son of the late Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen; elected 'Domnul,' or Lord of Roumania, April 20, 1866; accepted his election May 22, 1866. Proclaimed King of Roumania, March 26, 1881. Married, November 15, 1869, to Princess Elizabeth von Neuwied, born December 29, 1843.

The King has an annual allowance of 1,185,185 leï, or 47,400Z. The succession to the throne of Roumania, in the event of the King remaining childless, was settled by Art. 83 of the Constitution, upon his elder brother, Prince Leopold of HohenzollernSigmaringen, who renounced his rights in favour of his son Prince Ferdinand, the act having been registered by the Senate in October, 1880.

The union of the two principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia was publicly proclaimed at Bucharest and Jassy on December 23, 1861, the present name being given to the united provinces. The first ruler of Roumania was Colonel Couza, who had been elected Hospodar,' or Lord, of Wallachia and Moldavia in 1859, and who assumed the government under the title of Prince Alexander John I. A revolution which broke out in February 1866 forced Prince Alexander John to abdicate, and led to the election of Prince Carol I. The representatives of the people, assembled at Bucharest, proclaimed Roumania's independence from Turkey, May 21, 1877, which was confirmed by Art. 43 of the Congress of Berlin, signed July 13, 1878.

Constitution and Government.

The Constitution now in force in Roumania was voted by a Constituent Assembly, elected by universal suffrage, in the summer of 1866. It has twice been modified-viz. in 1879 and again in 1884. The Senate consists of 120 members, elected for 8 years, including 2 for the Universities, and 8 bishops. The Chamber of Deputies consists of 178 members elected for 4 years. A Senator must be 40 years of age, and a Deputy 25. Members of either House must be Roumanians by birth or naturalization, in full enjoyment of civil and political rights, and domiciled in the country. For the Senate an assured income of about 4007. is required. All citizens