at the third census in 1810, with a population of 974,601. At the fourth census, in 1820, there were 27 States, New York standing is with 1,372,111, and Michigan last with 8,765 inhabitants. All the succeeding enumerations gave the State of New York the first place. The sixth census, of 1840, included 29 States. The seventh census of 1850 added 2 Territories, New Mexico and Utah, to 33 existing States. At the eighth census, of 1860, there were 36 States and 6 Territories, while the ninth census included 37 States and 10 Territories; the tenth, 38 States and 9 Territories.

There were, in 1880, in the United States (including Alaska), 339,098 Indians. Of these, there were 243,527 in the Indian Territory or attached to the Indian Agency, and 66,407 of outside or tax-paying Indians. There are about 8,655 Indians in Alaska, most of the remaining population being Eskimo.

In 1882 the United States spent nearly 10 million dollars on the Indians, and in 1888 over 6 million dollars. There are 66 agencies throughout the States.

There is no systematic registration of births, deaths, and mar riages in the United States, so that it is not possible to ascertain the growth of population by the excess of births alone. The death rate is comparatively low; in 1880 the death-rate among whites was 14.74 per 1,000, and among coloured 17.28 per 1,000. The highest death-rate among whites was in New Mexico, 22:04 per 1,000, and the lowest in Arizona, 7.91 per 1,000; the highest among coloured in the district of Columbia, 35-25, and the lowest in Arizona, 1.89.

The following table shows the comparative increase of the population during the last four decades by reproduction and by immigration:

599,125 1,653,275

32.67

4.65

28-02

35.87 9.68

26-19

24-20

15-38

1840 17,069,453 4,203,433 1850 23,191,876 6,122,423 1860 31,443,321 8,251,445 2,639,556 35.58 11.38 1870 38,558,371 7,115,050 2,281,142 22.63 7.25 11,597,412 2,812,191 30.07 7.29 22-78

1880 50,155,783

The estimated population on July 1, 1888, was 60,000,000. Although there are poor-laws in the States the statistics of pauperism, except for indoor paupers, are not recorded. The total number of indoor paupers in the census year (1880) was 67,067, in addition to whom 21,598 outdoor paupers were reported, but the

In 1880 there were

latter figure is probably far below the truth. 59,255 criminals in the prisons, only 5,069 of whom were women. Of the population of the States and Territories in 1880, 43,475,840 were natives, and 6,679,943 foreign-born. Including the latter there were 12,978,394 residents of foreign-born parentage. Of this total 4,529,523 had Irish fathers, and 4,444,421 Irish mothers; 4,883,842 German fathers, and 4,557,629 German mothers; 2,039,808 with fathers, and 1,790,200 with mothers, natives of Great Britain.

The following table shows the origin of the foreign-born population at the census of 1880:

Great Britain

Germany

British America

Norway and Sweden

Austria-Hungary

It will thus be seen that the foreign-born population formed 13.3 per cent. of the total population, and of that 41.5 per cent. are natives of Great Britain, and of these two-thirds come from Ireland. Of the total foreign-born population 71 per cent. came from Great Britain and Germany, and only a small percentage came from countries not prevailingly Teutonic. Besides the countries above mentioned, at least seventeen others are represented among the foreign-born population of the United States. Of New York City one-third of the population is foreign-born.

Of a total population of 36,761,607 over ten years of age, 17,392,099 were engaged in the various professional and industrial occupations, and of these 2,647,157 were females. These were

distributed as follows:

Of those engaged in agriculture, 4,225,945 were returned as armers and planters, and 3,323,876 as agricultural labourers. Of the professional and personal' class, 1,859,223 were labourers, and 1,075,655 domestic servants; 67,081 government officials, 85,671

physicians and surgeons, 64,698 clergymen, and 64,137 lawyers. Of those engaged in trade and transportation, about 280,000 were 'traders and dealers.' Of the last class 234,228 are returned as miners; 114,539 as engaged in iron and steel works; 169,771 cotton mill operatives; saw-mill operatives, 77,050; silk-mill operatives, 18,071; woollen-mill operatives, 88,010.

There were in 1870 twenty-five and in 1880 thirty-five towns in the United States with upwards of 50,000 inhabitants. The following table gives the population of the thirty-five towns in 1870 and also the figures of population for 1880, showing the growth within the decennial period:

The total urban population in 1880 was 11,318,547.

The immense extent of land forming part of the United States, as yet uninhabited and uncultivated, is held to be national property, at the disposal of Congress and the executive of the Republic. The public lands of the United States which are still undisposed of lie in 19 States and 8 Territories. The public lands are divided into two great classes. The one class have a dollar and a quarter an acre designated as the minimum price, and the other two dollars and a half an acre, the latter being the alternate sections, reserved by the United States in land grants to railroads, &c. Titles to these lands may be acquired by private entry or location under the homestead, pre-emption, and timber-culture laws; or, as to some classes, by purchase for cash. The homestead laws give the right to 160 acres of a dollar-and-a-quarter lands, or to 80 acres of two-dollar-anda-half lands, to any citizen or applicant for citizenship over

twenty-one who will actually settle upon and cultivate the land. The title is perfected by the issue of a patent after five years of actual settlement. The only charges in the case of homestead entries are fees and commissions. Another large class of free entries of public lands is that provided for under the Timber-Culture Acts of 1873-78. The purpose of these laws is to promote the growth of forest trees on the public lands. They give the right to any settler who has cultivated for two years as much as five acres in trees to an 80-acre homestead, or, if ten acres, to a homestead of 160 acres, and a free patent for his land is given him at the end of three years instead of five. In the middle of 1887 there were 2,292,086,547 acres of public lands in the States and Territories, of which 973,723,495 had been surveyed. Of the total area of the United States, 1,400,000 square miles, or 896,000,000 acres, were unoccupied at the census of 1880. Upwards of 88 million acres of land are settled under the Homestead and Timber-Culture Acts. In 1887 there were 7,594,350 acres taken up under the Homestead Act, and 4,224,398 under the Timber-Culture Act. Besides these 5,587,910 acres were sold for cash, and the total number of acres of public lands disposed of during the year was 25,858,038, the money received being $12,280,000. Of the public lands in 1887, 369,529,600 acres were in Alaska. It is provided by law that two sections, of 640 acres of land in each township,' are reserved for common schools, so that the spread of education may go together with colonisation.

The power of Congress over the public territory is exclusive and universal, except so far as restrained by stipulations in the original cessions.

Immigration.

From 1775 to 1815 immigration into the United States was very small, on account of the American Revolution and the European wars, not over 3,000 or 4,000 a year arriving during this period. When peace between England and America was re-established, in 1815, immigration took a fresh start. The famine of 1816 and 1817 gave the first powerful impulse to a larger immigration from Germany, and after the year 1820 a never-interrupted stream of population kept flowing into the United States. It has been estimated that the total number of aliens arriving in the United States from 1789 to 1820 was about 250,000. Between 1820 and 1879, a total of 9,908,799 immigrants arrived in the States; of these 894,444 were from England, 3,065,761 from Ireland, 159,547 from Scotland, 17,893 from Wales-the total from the British Islands being 4,698,098; from Germany 3,002,027, France 313,716, Sweden and Norway 306,092, Switzerland 83,709, Italy 70,181, Austria-Hungary 65,588, Russia 53,147-the total from Europe

being 8,746,921. From British North America the total number is given as 568,941. The total number of immigrants from 1820 to 1882 (June 30) was 11,597,181. The following statement shows the number of immigrants arrived in the United States from the leading foreign countries during the decade June 30, 1879, to 1888, with the total number of immigrants during that period:

17,267

27,935

29,150

27,625

35,571

1880 144,876 84,638 65,657 1881 153,718 210,485 81,582 1882 179,423 259,630 105,326 1883 158,092 194,786 71,994 1884 129,294 179,676 52,728 1885 109,508 124,443 40,704 27,309 13,599 20,243 3,493 1886 112,548 84,403 46,735 28,680 21,315 21,739 3,318 334,203 | 1887 161,748 106,865 67,629 40,265 47,622 36,894 5,034490,109 1888 182,203 109,717 81,924 45,811 51,075 39,313 6,454 546,889

12,354

15,401

7,191 4,313 457,257 10,655 5,227

669,431|

32,084 21,590 6,003

788,992

31,792

9,809

4,821

603,322

16,510

17,226 3,608

518,592|

395,346|

The total includes other countries besides those mentioned. Of the total immigrants in 1888, 345,375 were males and 201,514 females. The total number of Chinese inimigrants between 1855 and 1885 was 274,399, but the total number reported in the census of 1880 was 105,465. Many are supposed to have returned. By a law passed in 1882, Chinese immigration has been prohibited for ten years. Since July 1, 1885, immigrants from the Dominion of Canada and Mexico are not included.

Trade and Navigation.

The subjoined table gives the total value, in dollars, of the imports and exports of merchandise in each of the ten fiscal years, ended June 30, from 1879 to 1888: