between the British and German spheres from the mouth of the Songwe on Lake Nyasa to the entrance of the River Kilambo on Tanganyika.

There are 20 post offices. A telegraph line through the Protectorate to Tanganyika is being constructed by the African Trans-Continental Telegraph Company. The line opened connects Fort Johnston, Zomba and Blantyre with Tete, Salisbury, and Cape Town. There is a system of telephones connecting the Residency with the headquarters camp, and also connecting Zomba, Blantyre, and Liwonde by means of the Telegraph Company's wire. H.M. Commissioner and Consul-General.-Alfred Sharpe, C. B.

REFERENCES.

Foreign Office Reports on British Central Africa (including Report for 1897), and Annual Report of the British South Africa Company.

British South Africa Company's Report for 1896-97. London, 1898.

Bertrand (A.), Au Pays des Ba-rotsi. Paris, 1898.

Bryden (H. A.), Gun and Camera in Southern Africa. 8. London, 1893.

Buchanan (J.), The Industrial Development of Nyasaland. Geographical Journal, Vol. I., 1893,

Coillard (F.), Sur le Haut Zambèze. Paris, 1897. [Eng. Trans. On the Threshold of Central Africa. Missionary Work. London, 1897.]

Decle (L.), Three Years in Savage Africa. London, 1897.

Foa (E.), Du Cap au Lac Nyasse. Paris, 1897.

Fotheringham (L. M.), Adventures in Nyassaland. 8. London, 1891.

Gibbons (A. St. H.), A Journey in the Marotse and Mashikolumbwe Countries.-Reid (P. C.), A Journey up the Machili.-Bertrand (A.), From the Machili to Lialui. Three papers in the Geograghical Journal, Vol. IX., No. 2 (February, 1897). London.

Hore (E. Č.), Tanganyika: Eleven Years in Central Africa. 2nd ed. 8. London, 1892. Johnston (Sir H. H.), British Central Africa. 4. London, 1897.

Johnston (Sir Harry), The Colonisation of Africa. Cambridge, 1899.

Keltie (J. Scott), The Partition of Africa. 2nd edition. London, 1895.

Money (R. I.) and Smith (S. K.), Explorations in the Country West of Lake Nyasa. Geographical Journal, Vol. X. (August, 1897). London.

Moore (J. E. S.), The Physiographical Aspects of the Nyasa and Tanganyika Districts. Geographical Journal, Vol. X. (September, 1897.) London.

Ortroz (F. Van), Conventions Internationales Concernant l'Afrique. Brussels, 1898. Rankin (D. J.), The Zambezi Basin and Nyasaland. 8. London, 1893. Sclater (Lieut. B. L.), Routes in Nyasaland. Geographical Journal, Vol. II., 1893. Schweinfurth (G.), Three Years' Travel and Adventure in the Unexplored Regions of Central Africa, 1868-71. [English Translation by Miss E. E. Frewer.] London, 1873. White (A. Silva), The Development of Africa. London, 1890.

EAST AFRICA (BRITISH).

British East Africa consists of a large area on the mainland (including the East Africa Protectorate and the Uganda Protectorate), under the immediate control of the Foreign Office, together with the Islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, still governed through their Arab Sultan.

By the Anglo-German Agreements of November 1, 1886, and July 1, 1890, the southern boundary of the territory extends in a north-west direction from the north bank of the mouth of the River Umba, going round by the north of Kilimanjaro, to where the 1st parallel of S. latitude cuts Lake Victoria. Thence across the lake and westwards on the same parallel to the boundary of the Congo Free State. To the north and east, the British sphere (which merges indefinitely with the old Sudan Provinces of Egypt) is bounded, according to the Anglo-Italian agreement of 1891, by the Juba river up to 6° N. latitude; by that parallel as far as 35° E. longitude; and by that meridian northwards as far as the Blue Nile. It is conterminous with the Italian sphere of influence and with Abyssinia as far as the confines of Egypt. To the west it is bounded by the Congo Free State, the line of partition being 30° E. longitude, northwards to the Nile Congo watershed, which then becomes the frontier as far as the northernmost point of that State (the source of

the Mbomu). North of this the British sphere has at present no western delimitation and debouches on the independent Mohammedan states of that region. The total area thus embraced probably extends to over 1,000,000 square miles. Treaties have been made with almost all the native chiefs between the coast and the Albert Nyanza, and with the Somali tribes occupying the interior between the Juba and Tana, whereby commercial access to the Galla country is now opened.

In 1886 the dominions of the Sultan of Zanzibar were delimited, and were recognised as including a continuous strip of coast, ten miles in depth, reaching from Cape Delgado to Kipini on the Ozi River. Outside this tract, it was agreed that Germany should have as a sphere of influence the country stretching inland from the river Rovuma northwards to the Umba River; England's sphere of influence extending northward from the Umba. Northwards of Kipini the Sultan of Zanzibar retained several stations where he had hitherto kept garrisons, viz., Lamu, Kismayu, Brava, Merka, Mogadischo, Warsheikh. Of these, however, the last four were ceded to Italy on August 26, 1892, and the Italian Government took over their administration on September 26, 1893. The German East African Association, in virtue of a concession signed in May 1888, acquired the right to administer the Mrima or mainland (including the customs of the Sultan's ports) from the Rovuma to the Umba River on the north, the Sultan of Zanzibar being subsequently paid the sum of 4,000,000 marks in return for the cession by him of all his rights to and on the coast-line which thus became an integral part of the German sphere or, as it is now called, German East Africa. The Imperial British East Africa Company acquired the right to administer the coast from the Umba to Kipini for fifty years, on condition of an annual payment to the Sultan; and in 1889 further acquired the ports and islands (including Lamu, Manda, and Patta) to the north of the Tana. A further settlement of territorial questions in 1890 conferred on England the protectorate of Zanzibar, including the island of Pemba, and left to British influence the territory from the Umba north to the Juba River, including the territory of Witu, which was for a time placed under the control of the British East Africa Company.

By the end of 1892 the Company had occupied the country as far as Uganda, and between that and Lake Albert Edward and the River Semliki. By arrangement with the Government the Company retired from Uganda at the end of March 1893, and on June 19, 1894, a British Protectorate was declared over Uganda proper. On July 31, 1893, the Company withdrew from the administration of Witu, which was temporarily placed under the administration of the Sultan. On June 15, 1895, a British Protectorate was proclaimed over the territories lying between and not hitherto included within the Protectorates of Zanzibar, Witu and Uganda proper, and the whole of this region has since been divided, for administrative purposes, into two districts called respectively, the East Africa Protectorate, and the Uganda Protectorate. The former extends, roughly speaking, some 400 miles inland, and the latter from that frontier to the interior limits of the British sphere. On June 30 the Company evacuated the territory leased from the Sultan, the administration being taken over by her Majesty's Government.

THE EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE.

The East Africa Protectorate, which extends from the Umba to the Juba river, and inland as far as the borders of Uganda, is placed under the control of a Commissioner and Consul-General, who is also British agent and ConsulGeneral at Zanzibar. It is divided for purposes of administration into four provinces, each under a sub-commissioner: (1) the Coast Province (Seyyidieh),

capital Mombasa; (2) Ukamba, capital Machakos; (3) Tana-land, including Witu, capital Lamu; (4) Juba-land, capital Kismayu A large portion of the Protectorate is, however, still unorganised. The total population is estimated at 2,500,000, including 13,500 Asiatics and 390 Europeans and Eurasians. Mombasa (24,700) is the capital of the whole Protectorate and has a fine harbour which has been much improved by the construction of jetties and other works. It is connected with Zanzibar by a submarine cable, and with Lamu by a telegraph line via Golbanti (Tana River); the length of line within the Protectorate was, in 1897, 140 miles. The principal other ports are Lamu and Kismayu towards the north, and Vanga and Takaungu towards the south. A railway is in course of construction towards Lake Victoria, Uganda, and a telegraph line along the railway. In February, 1899, about 260 miles of railway were completed.

The revenue for the year 1896-97 amounted to 39,1867., and for 1897-98 to 43,8417. The imports for the year 1896-97 were valued at 3,925,597 rupees, and for 1897-98 at 4, 464,827 rupees; exports in 1896-97 at 1,172,026 rupees, and for 1897-98 at 1,087,266 rupees. Shipping entered, 1897-98, 196,630 tons. On June 30, 1892, the Sultan of Zanzibar withdrew his reserves under the Berlin Act, thereby placing all his dominions within the Free Zone. At the mainland ports 5 per cent. import duty is levied under the Brussels Act. The principal exports are ivory, india-rubber, cattle and goats, grain, copra, gum-copal, hides and horns, &c. The imports are Manchester goods, Bombay cloth, brass, wire, beads, provisions, &c. Mangrovelogs (borities) for building purposes are imported at Mombasa from other parts of the coast. Trade is at present principally in the hands of East Indian merchants (Banians).

The Masai, who have given some trouble to caravans in the interior, seem likely, in future, to respect the British authority. The higher plateaux are largely covered with rich grass, and are considered particularly favourable for ranching operations.

C.B.

Commissioner and Consul-General.-Sir Arthur H. Hardinge, K.C. M.G., Sub-Commissioner at Mombasa.-C. H. Craufurd.

THE UGANDA PROTECTORATE.

In July, 1896, this Protectorate was extended so as to include in addition to Uganda proper, Unyoro, and other countries to the west as far as the boundary of the British sphere (see above), as well as Usoga to the east. The Protectorate is administered by a Commissioner, but the infant son of King Mwanga nominally reigns in Uganda proper. Order is maintained by means of a trained force of Sudanese. Regular criminal courts have been established, and there is a kind of native parliament. Roads have been made since the British occupation, but outside trade will be impossible until the completion of the railway, the construction of which from the coast was begun in the latter part of 1895. The soil is exceedingly fertile and coffee is thought likely to succeed. The natives show much skill in iron-working, pottery, &c. The capital is Mengo, close to which is the British fort Kampala. The Commissioner resides at Port Alice on the Victoria Nyanza. Ugove Bay, on the east shore of the lake, is to be the terminus of the railway. Forts have been established in Unyoro and other districts on the borders of Uganda.

Both Protestant and Roman Catholic missionaries have made many converts. For the last two years Uganda has been in a state of disorganisa

The imports (exclusive of Government imports) in 1895 amounted to 222,006 rupees, and the exports to 244,728 rupees.

Commissioner and Consul-General.-E. J. L. Berkeley, C.B.

ZANZIBAR PROTECTORATE.

Sultan and Government.

The Sultan, or more correctly, the Seyyid, Hamoud bin Mahomed bin Saïd, about 44 years of age, nephew of the late Sultans Ali, Khalifa and Burghash, succeeded to the Sultanate on the death of Seyyid Hamed bin Thwain on August 27, 1896. He was one of two claimants, and was selected by the British Government as being the most fitting.

Zanzibar dominions were gradually acquired by the Imams of Muscat at various dates between the years 1698 and 1807, partly by conquest from the Portuguese and partly from native chiefs. They were held as an appanage of Muscat until the death of Seyyid Saïd, when, on a dispute as to the succession arising between Seyyid Thwain, of Muscat, uncle of the present Sultan of Zanzibar, and Seyyid Majid, of Zanzibar (both being sons of Seyyid Saïd), the dominions in Africa were made independent of the present State, and confirmed under Majid by an arbitration of Lord Canning (dated 1861), then Governor-General of India. Besides the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, and smaller islands, the Sultan's authority nominally extended along the coasts and indefinitely inland, from Warsheikh, in 3° N. lat., to Tunghi Bay, in 10° 42′ S. lat., his influence, however, being exercised but a little way from the coast, except along a few trade routes. As mentioned above, the Sultan's dominions were gradually restricted in area between the years 1886 and 1890, until they finally included only the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba.

In October 1891, a regular Government was formed for Zanzibar, of which Sir L. Mathews is Prime Minister. All accounts are now kept in English and Arabic, and are always open to the inspection of the British ConsulGeneral, and no new undertakings or additional expenditure can be incurred without his consent. On February 1, 1892, Zanzibar was declared a free port, but the importation of spirits, arms, powder, and mineral oils remains subject to regulation.

Area, Population, Religion.

The island of Zanzibar has an area of 640 square miles, and Pemba 380 square miles. The population of the island is estimated at 150,000, and that of the island of Pemba at 50,000. There is a considerable foreign population, mostly engaged in trading. There are about 50 Englishmen, 50 Germans, a few Americans, Frenchmen, Italians, Greeks, and Roumanians, the two latter nationalities being under British protection. There are also about 7,000 British Indian subjects, through whose hands almost the whole trade of Zanzibar and of East Africa passes, directly or indirectly. The town of Zanzibar has a population estimated at 30,000.

Mohammedanism is the religion of the country, most of the natives of the coast and islands being Sunnis of the Shafi school, though many are heathen; while the Sultan and his relatives are schismatics of the Ibadhi sect. There are Christian missions (Church of England, Wesleyan, Independent and Roman Catholic) on the island and far into the mainland.

There is a French hospital at Zanzibar, attended by French sisters of mercy, and a hospital at the Universities Mission. Sir Tharia Topan's hospital for Indians is now completed, but is not yet in use.

Justice.

Justice among the Sultan's subjects is administered by various 'Kazis,' with an appeal to H.H.; among Europeans by their consuls in all cases in

which they are the accused or defendants. By a declaration signed December 16, 1892, the Sultan has delegated to the British Agent and Consul-General his right to try all cases in which a British subject is plaintiff or accuser, and the defendant or accused is a Zanzibar subject or the subject of a non-Christian state without a treaty. The British Court has also jurisdiction over all slaves originally freed by her Majesty's Agent and Consul General, but as the legal status of slavery was abolished on the 6th April, 1897, the relations between master and slave are no longer recognised by the Tribunals. Most of the civil cases are brought into the British Court, from which there is an appeal to the Bombay High Court. To it also pertains admiralty jurisdiction with reference to the slave trade, and it is a naval prize court, by virtue of the Zanzibar (Prize) Order in Council, 1888.

Finance and Commerce.

The revenue of the Sultan was mainly derived from customs dues and taxes on produce, chiefly cloves. Under the new arrangement with England the Sultan's privy purse, which will be kept separate from the general revenue of the country, has been fixed at about 120,000 rupees annually, and the remainder of the revenue will be devoted to the charges for police, harbour improvements, and public works. All the public expenditure must receive the sanction of the Sultan and the British Agent and Consul-General.

There is a regular army of about 900 men, including police, under the command of General Raikes.

In 1896 the imports amounted to 1,275,4701., and in 1897 to 1,399,0787.; in 1896 the exports amounted to 1,158,8067., and in 1897 to 1,189,6687. The figures include the trade between the port of Zanzibar and other ports in the Sultan's dominions. The chief imports and exports and distribution of trade were as follows in the last two years:

In the year 1897, 150 vessels of 245,368 tons (other than coasting vessels)

entered the port, including 48 vessels of 75,039 tons British,