In addition to the general enumeration of population for the organised States and Territories in 1880 and 1890, there were returned for Alaska 33,426 persons in 1880, and 32,052 persons in 1890; while for the Indian territory and Indian reservations there were returned in 1890 a total of 325,464 persons, subdivided as follows:

In 1880 no return of population was made for Indian Territory and Indian Reservations.

As regards sex, the total population of the States and Territories at the census of 1890 comprised 32,067,880 males, and 30,554,370 females.

At the first census of the Union, in 1790, there existed only 13 States and 4 Territories, the largest of the States, as then constituted, being Virginia, with a population of 747,610. In 1800 there were 16 States and 4 Territories, Virginia having then a population of 880,200. In 1810 the same State, with a population of 974,600, took the lead of 17 States and 7 Territories. In 1820 there were 23 States and 3 Territories, New York standing first with a population of 1,372,111. In 1830 there were 24 States and 3 Territories; in 1840, 26 States and 3 Territories; in 1850, 30 States and 5 Territories; in 1860, 33 States and 8 Territories; in 1870, 37 States and 9 Territories; in 1880, 38 States and 8 Territories; in 1890, 44 States and 4 Territories (including Oklahoma), neither Alaska, the District of Columbia nor the Indian Territory being included in these numbers.

In 1890 the numbers engaged in the various classes of occupations were returned as follows:

The total area of Indian reservations in the United States, exclusive of Alaska, was in 1897, 129,329 square miles (in 1890, 162,991 square miles), with an Indian population of 248,815 (in 1890, 243,524). The most extensive reservations are in Indian Territory, 30,973 square miles, population 67,418; Arizona, 22,029 square miles, population 39,763; South Dakota, 15,371 square miles, population 18,901; Montana, 14,660 square miles, population 10,585; Oklahoma, 10,859 square miles; population 12,942.

In 1898 the United States spent 10,994,668 dollars on the Indians. There are 56 agencies throughout the States.

Of the population of the States and Territories in 1890, 53,372,703 (or 85 23 per cent.) were natives, and 9,249,547 (or 14.77 per cent.) foreign-born. In 1880 there were 43,475,840 natives and 6,679,943 foreign-born (13-32 per cent.). In 1870 the population was 14 44 per cent. foreign-born; in 1860, 13.16 per cent.; in 1850, 9.68 per cent.

The following table shows the origin of the foreign-born population at the census of 1890:

Thus of the foreign-born population 33 76 per cent. were from the United Kingdom (20 23 per cent. from Ireland, 10.91 per cent. from England and Wales, and 2.62 per cent. from Scotland); 30 11 per cent. were from Germany; 10 61 per cent. from Canada; 10 09 per cent. from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark; 1.22 per cent. from France; and 14.21 per cent. from other countries.

II. MOVEMENT OF POPULATION.

There is no systematic registration of births, deaths, and marriages in the United States as a whole. The birth-rate computed for 1890 by the Census Office was 26 68 per 1,000 of population; but this is acknowledged to be too low. Death-rates are computed from returns for certain areas, where local registration records are kept. These areas are the New England States (except Maine), New Jersey, New York, Delaware, the District of Columbia, and the principal cities in the remaining States, furnishing for 1890 a total of 409,125 deaths out of 875,521 for the whole country. The highest death-rate among whites in these areas was 23 19 per 1,000; the lowest, 1560; among coloured persons, highest 34 14; lowest, 18.78 per 1,000.

From 1775 to 1815 immigration into the United States was very small, on account of the American Revolution and the European wars, not over 3,000 or 4,000 a year arriving during this period. When peace between England and America was re-established, in 1815, immigration took a fresh start. Prior to 1820 no official record of arrivals was kept, but it is estimated that, from the foundation of the Government up to that year, about 250,000 alien passengers arrived, 98 per cent. of whom were immigrants. The total number of immigrants from 1820 to 1898 (June 30) was 18,458,592. The following statement, in which immigrants from Canada and Mexico are not included, shows the number arrived in the United States from the leading foreign countries during the decade ending June 30, 1898, with the total number of immigrants in each year during that period :—

1889 153,549 99,538 57,504 34,174 24,848 31,889 5,918 444,427| 1890 122,754 92,427 50,368 56,199 51,799 33,147 6,585 455,302 1891 122,311 113,554 60,107 71,042 76,065 47,426 6,770 560,319 1892 117,514 130,758 68,302 80,136 62,137 79,294 6,521 623,084 1893 109,086 96,361 62,935 59,633 72,916 37,177 5,358 502,917 1894 171,871 59,386 33,056 37,505 43,967 35,694 3,662 314,467 1895 87,724 36,351 27,300 1896 64,827 31,885 33,229 1897 41,148 1898 38,021

22,533 21,071

33,462 36,961 34,490 3,702 279,948 65,103 31,885 51,445 2,463 343,267

33,031 59,431 25,816 2,107 216,397

17,072 19,280 39,780 58,606 29,801 1,989 217,720

Thus the total for the last ten years, including other countries besides those mentioned, was 3,957,848. Of the total immigrants in 1895, 120,024; in 1896, 126,439; in 1897, 91,925; in 1898, 90,558 were females.

The total number of Chinese immigrants between 1855 and 1885 was 274,399. The total number of Chinese reported in the census of 1880 was 105,465, in 1890, 107,475. By the law passed in 1882, Chinese immigration was practically prohibited.

The following table shows the comparative increase of the population during the last five decades by reproduction and by immigration :—

In 1880 there were 45, and in 1890, 74 cities with upwards of 40,000 inhabitants. Of the entire population in 1890, 18,284,385, or 29-20 per cent. (in 1880, 22.57 per cent.) lived in 448 towns (in 1880, 286 towns) of over 8,000 inhabitants. Of these towns, 283 had each from 8,000 to 20,000 inhabitants; 91 from 20,000 to 40,000; 35 from 40,000 to 75,000; 14 from 75,000 to 125,000; 14 from 125,000 to 250,000; 7 from 250,000 to 500,000; 1 from 500,000 to 1,000,000; and 3 over 1,000,000.

The following table shows the fifty principal cities of the United States, giving the population in 1880 and 1890: