The vine is grown in Herzegovina, but the wine produced is insufficient for the local supply. Dried plums are an important article of export; sugarbeet is cultivated, and there is a government sugar factory at Usora, near Doboj. Silk-culture has been introduced. Cattle-grazing is important. Forest land occupies 45 per cent. of the whole area. In Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1895 there were 233,322 horses, 1,416,394 cattle, 1,447,049 goats, 3,230,720 sheep, and 662,242 swine.

Minerals are abundant; mining is now carried on (mainly by the Government) for iron and copper, manganese, chromium, quicksilver, and coal. In 1896 the output of coal was 219,206 tons, of iron ore 22,846 tons, of copper ore 3,946 tons, of manganese 6,713 tons. The miners employed numbered 3,300. There are salt-pits at Dolnia Tuzla and an ammoniac soda factory with an annual output of 11,810 tons. In 1892 there were 24 mines, 6 foundries, and 2 salt works.

Bosnia and Herzegovina belong to the Austro-Hungarian customs territory, and their trade statistics are inculuded in those of Austria-Hungary.

There are 481 miles of railway, which, in 1897, carried 1,214,938 passengers and 555,958 tons of goods, the total receipts being 2,465,294 florins. There are 1,767 miles of telegraph lines.

In 1896 there were transmitted 7,742,154 letters and postcards, and 2,773,617 packets of printed matter, samples, and newspapers. Military service is compulsory over 20 years of age. The native troops comprise 12 infantry battalions (each of 4 companies), with a total of 5,185 men, on peace footing. The Austro-Hungarian troops of occupation have at present a strength of 18,881 men.

Statistical and other Books of Reference.

1. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Army. Militär-Statistiches Jahrbuch. Vienna.-Handbook of the Military Forces of Austria-Hungary, Prepared in the Intelligence division of the War Office. London, 1891. Commerce &c. Statistik des auswärtigen Handels des österr.-ungar. Zollgehiets. Annual. Vienna.-Statistische Uebersichten betreffend dem auswärtigen Handel des Österr.-ungar. Zollgebiets. Monthly. Vienna.-Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries, &c., London.-Foreign Office Reports. Annual Series and Miscellaneous Series. London.

Foreign Office List. By Sir Edward Hertslet. Annual. London.

Money, Credit, &c. Tabellen zur Währungs-Statistik. Vienna, 1896.

Pauperism, Health, &c. Statistik der Sanitätsverhältnisse der Mannschaft des K. und Heeres. Annual. Vienna.

Navy. Almanach für die k. k. Kriegs-Marine. Annual. Vienna.

Statistics (general). Statistisches Handbuch der österr.-ung. Monarchie. Vienna, 1891. -Hof- und Staatshandbuch der österr.-ungar. Monarchie. Annual. Vienna.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.-AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. Auerbach (B.), Les Races et les Nationalités en Autriche-Hongrie. Paris, 1898. Baedeker's Handbook for Southern Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Transylvania, Leipzig, 1894.-The Eastern Alps. Leipsic, 1895.

13.

Brachelli (H. F.), Statistische Skizze der Oesterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie. Auflage. 8. Leipzig, 1892. Chavanne (Dr.), Physikalisch-statistischer Handatlas der Oesterr.-Ungar. Monarchie. Wien, 1882-88. Hgg. von Blau. Wien,

Chronik, Volkswirthschaftliche, von Oesterreich-Ungarn, 1887.

1888.

Clarke (Ernest), Agricultural Administration in Austria-Hungary, 'Journal of the R. Agricultural Society,' January, 1891.

Czoernig (Freiherr von), Ethnographie der Oesterreichischen Monarchie, 3 vols 1855-57.

Wien,

Dupain (L.), L'Administration militaire austro-hongroise, &c.' 8. Paris, 1894.
Export-Compass, 1890. Hgg. von Dorn. Wien, 1890.

Ficker (A.), Die Völkerstämme der Oesterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie. 8. Wien, 1869.
Hönig. Die öst.-ung. Lebensversicherungsgesellschaften, 1888. Wien, 1889.
Hunfalvi (Dr. J.), A magyar-osztrák birodalom földrajza. S. Pesth, 1886.
Kaulbars (A. V.), L'Armée austro-hongroise. Paris, 1893.

Ray (David), Austria-Hungary. London, 1880.

Konta (Ignaz), Eisenbahn-Jahrbuch der Oesterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie.

Jahrgang. Wien, 1891.

Leger (L.), Histoire de l'Autriche-Hongrie, 4th ed.

21.

Paris, 1895. [Eng. Trans. of 1st ed.

by Mrs. Birkbeck Hill. London, 1889.]-La Save, le Danube, et le Balkan. Voyage chez les Slovènes, &c. Paris, 1884.

Lévy (Daniel), L'Autriche-Hongrie, ses institutions, &c. Paris, 1872.

Mayer (F. M.), Geschichte der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie. Wien, 1894. Monarchie. Die öst.-ung. in Wort und Bild auf Anregung des Kronprinzen Rudolf. Wien, 1886-90. Lieferung 1-116.

Oesterreichisch-Ungarische Revue. Redigirt von J. B. Meyer. Wien.

Reclus (Elisée), Nouvelle Géographie Universelle. Vol. III. 8. Paris, 1878.

Schwingenschloegl (R.), Der erst Beamten-Verein der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie. Wien, 1890.

Statistik d. ost.-ung. Aktiengesellschaften. Aus dem 'Aktionär,' 1888-89. Frankfurt, 1890.
Umlauft (F.), Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie, 3rd ed. Vienna, 1896.
Whitman (Sidney), The Realm of the Habsburgs. 8. London, 1893.
Worms (Baron Henry de), The Austro-Hungarian Empire. 8. London, 1877.

AUSTRIA.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Agriculture, Industries, &c. Ackerbau-Ministeriums, Statistisches Jahrbuch, Heft I. Statistik der Ernte. Heft II.-Bergwerksbetriebe österreichs. Annual. Vienna.-Arbeitseinstellungen im Bergwerksbetriebe während 1894. Vienna, 1896.

Commerce, &c. Nachrichten über Industrie, Handel und Verkehr. Annual. Vienna. -Das Handelsmuseum and supplements with consular Reports. Vienna.

Finance. The Budget estimates of Revenue and Expenditure for Austria. Annual.Statistik über den Zustand &c. der Finanzwache in 1895. Vienna, 1897.-Ergebnisse der Verzehrungssteuer. Annual. Vienna.-Mittheilungen des k. k. Finanz-ministeriums. Annual. Vienna.

Instruction. Statistik der Unterrichts-Anstalten. Annual. Vienna.

Justice, Crime, &c. Ergebnisse der Strafrechtspflege; der Concursverfahrens; der Strafanstalten; der Civilrechtspflege. Annual. Vienna.

Money, Credit, &c. Statistik der Banken. Annual. Vienna.-Statistik der Sparkassen. Annual. Vienna.

Navy. Annuario Marittimo. Trieste.

Pauperism, Health, &c. Jahrbuch der Wiener k. k. Krankenanstalter. Vienna. Population. Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31 December, 1890. Vienna.-Bewegung der Bevölkerung. Annual. Vienna.

Reichsgesetzblatt. Vienna, 1897.

Railways, Posts, Telegraphs, &c. Hauptergebnisse des österr. Eisenbahn-Statistik. Annual. Vienna.-Statistik des Verkehrs. Annual. Vienna.-Statistik des österr. Postund-Telegraphwesens. Annual. Vienna.

Shipping Navigazione e Commercio in Porti Austriaci. Annual. Trieste.

Städtebuch (österreichisches): Statistische Berichte der grösseren, österreichischen Städte. Annual. Vienna.-Statistisches Jahrbuch der stadt Wien, bearbeitet von Sedlaczek und Löwy. Vienna.

Statistics (general). Österr. Statistisches Handbuch. Annual. Vienna.-Handbuch der Vereine für die im Reichsrathe vertretenen Königreiche und Länder. Annual. Vienna.-Statistische Monatsschrift. Vienna.-Statistiche Mittheilungen über die Verhält nisse Galiziens. Anunal. Lemberg.

NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Batty (B.), Moravian Schools and Customs. 8. London.

Beer, Die Finanzen Oesterreichs im 19. Jahrhundert. Prag, 1877

Bourlier (J.), Les Tchèques et la Bohème contemporaine. Paris, 1897.
Chamagne (A.), Sensations de Dacie et d'Illyrie. Paris, 1896.

Coldstream (J. P.), The Institutions of Austria. Westminster, 1895.

Commenda (H.), Materialen zur landeskundlichen Bibliographie Oberösterreichs. Linz,

1891.

Compass, finanzielles Jahrbuch. Gegründet von Leonhardt, 1889. Hgg. von Heller.

Wien.

Jackson (T. G.), Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria. 3 vols. 8. London, 1893. Huber (A.), Geschichte der Staatsbildung und des öffentlichen Rechts. Prag, 1895. Huebner (J. A. von), Une année de ma vie (1848-49). Paris, 1891.

Karpeles (B.), Moravian and Silesian Miners. Statistical inquiries into their Social and Economic Condition. Vol. I. London. 1894.

Lorenz (J. R. v.), Atlas der Urproduction Oesterreichs. Wien, 1878.
Lutzow (Count), Bohemia: an Historical Sketch.

Marbeau (Edouard), Slaves et Teutons. Paris, 1882.

8. London, 1896.

Maurice (C. E.), Bohemia from the Earliest Times to 1620. [In "Story of the Nations" Series]. 8. London, 1896.

Murray's Handbook for South Germany and Austria. Two Parts. 8. London.

Peez (Dr. Alexander), Oesterreich und der Orient. 8. Wien, 1875.

Turn and Taxis (Princess of). Travels in Unknown Austria. 4. London, 1896.
Ulbrich. Handbuch der österreichischen Verwaltung. Wien, 1887-89.
Werkowitsch, Das Land Vorarlberg. Denkschrift. Innsbruck, 1887.
Yriarte (C.), La Dalmazia. 8. Milan, 1878.

HUNGARY.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Agriculture, Industries, &c. Mittheilungen des K. Ung. Ministeriums für Ackerbau Industrie, und Handel. Monthly. Budapest.-Ungarns Mühlen-Industrie in 1894. Buda. pest, 1896.

Commerce, &c. Ungarns Waaren-Verkehr. Annual. Budapest.-Auswärtiger Handel der Länder der ungarischen Krone. Annual. Budapest.

Finance. The Budget estimates of Revenue and Expenditure for Hungary. Annual. Hungary and its People, The Millennium of, Edited by J. de Jekelfalussy. Budapest, 1897. Instruction. Das ungarische Unterrichtswesen, aus dem Bericht des Ministers. Annual. Budapest.

Statistics (general). Ungarische Statistische Mittheilungen. Annual. Budapest.Ungarisches Statistisches Jahrbuch. Annual. Budapest.-Zigeuner-Conscription, Ergebnisse der. Budapest, 1895.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Arnold-Forster (F.), Francis Déak, a Memoir. London, 1880.

Bell (F. A.), Ungarn in Wort und Bild. Zürich, 1890.

Brote (E.), Die rumänische Frage in Ungarn.__Berlin, 1895.

Browning (H. Ellen), A Girl's Wanderings in Hungary. 8. London, 1896.

Butler (E.D.), Article on Hungary in Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XII. Edinburgh, 1881. Chelard (R.), La Hongrie contemporaine. Paris, 1891.

Dux (A.), Aus Ungarn. Leipsic, 1880.

Felbermann (L.), Hungary and its People. London, 1892.

Gerrard (E.), Transylvania: The Land beyond the Forest. London, 1888.

Godkin (E. L.), History of Hungary and the Magyars. London, 1853.

Guides Joanne, Etats du Danube et des Balkans. 1re Partie, Hongrie Méridionale, &e

Paris, 1888. IIme Partie, Haute Hongrie, &c. 2 vols. Paris, 1893.

Kahn (J.), Das heutige Budapest. Budapest, 1895.

Lang (L.), Magyarornag statistikaja. Budapest, 1885.

Löher (F. von), Die Magyaren und andere Uugarn. 8. Leidzig, 1874.

Mandello (Dr. Karl), Rückblicke auf die Entwickelung der ugariuschen Volkswirthschaft. Budapest, 1871-1894.

Mazuchelli (N. E.), Magyarland. 2 vols. London, 1894.

Neményi (A.), Das moderne Ungarn. Berlin, 1880.

Patterson (Arthur J.), The Magyars; their Country and its Institutions. 2 vols. 8. London, 1870.

Prigl, Ortslexicon für die Königreiche Kroatien und Slavonien. Nach amtlichen Quellen Essek, 1888.

Singer and Wolfner's Handbook for Hungary and Budapest. 8. London, 1896.
Somogyi (E.), Ludwig Kossuth, sein Leben und Werken. 8. Leipzig, 1894.

Steinbach (G.), Die ungarischen Verfassungsgesetze. Wien, 1891.

Sturm (Albert), Uj Országgyülési Almanach. Budapest, 1887.

Vámbéry (A.), Der Ursprung der Magyaren. Leipzig, 1882. Hungary. In "Story of the Nations' Series. 8. London, 1887.

Vautier (G.), La Hongrie économique. 8. Paris, 1893.

Wirth (Max), Ungarn und seine Bodenschätze. Frankfort-on-Maine, 1875.

Zoričić, Statistische Skizze der Königreiche Kroatien und Slavonien. Agram, 1885.

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA.

Das Bauwesen in Bosnien und der Hercegovina, vom Baudepartement der Landesregierung in Sarajevo, 1887.

Ortschafts- und Bevölkerungsstatistik von Bosnien und Hercegovina. Amtliche Ausgabe. 1885.-Hauptresultate der Volkszählung vom 22 April, 1895. Vienna, 1896. Ergebnisse der Viehzählung, 1895. Vienna, 1896.

Asboth (J.), An Official Tour through Bosnia and Herzegovina. [Translation.] 8. London, 1890.

Blau (Dr. E. O. F. H.), Reisen in Bosnien und der Herzegowina. 8. Berlin, 1877.
Coquelle (P.), Histoire du Montenegro et de la Bosnie. Paris, 1896.
Evans (A. J.), Through Bosnia and Herzegovina on foot. 8. London, 1876.

Haardt (V. von), Die Occupation Bosniens und der Herzegovina. 8. Vienna, 1878.
Laveleye, The Balkan Peninsula. London, 1887.

Munro (R.), Rambles and Studies in Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Dalmatia. London, 1895. Novibazar und Kossovo. 8. Vienna 1892.

Sainte-Marie (E. de) L'Herzegovine. Paris, 1875

Schneller (H.), Die Staatsrechtliche Stellung von Bosnien und Herzegovina. Leipzic,

1892.

Schwarz (D1. B.), Aus den Osten; Reisenbriefen aus Ungarn, &c. 8. Chemnitz, 1876. Stillman (W. J.), Herzegovina and the late uprising. London, 1877.

The Land of the Bora; Camp Life and Sport in Dalmatia and the Herzegovina, 1894-96. [Author not named.] London, 1897.

Thoemmel (Gustav), Beschreibung des Vilajet Bosnien. 8. Vienna, 1867.
Yriarte (C.), Bosnie et Herzegovine. 12. Paris, 1876.

BELGIUM.

(ROYAUME DE BELGIQUE.)
Reigning King.

Leopold II., born April 9, 1835, the son of King Leopold I., former Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and of Princess Louise, daughter of the late King Louis Philippe of the French ; ascended the throne at the death of his father, Dec. 10, 1865; married, Aug. 22, 1853, to Queen Marie Henriette, born Aug. 23, 1836, the daughter of the late Archduke Joseph of Austria.

Children of the King.

I. Princess Louise, born Feb. 18, 1858; married, February 4, 1875, to Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, born March 28, 1844, eldest son of Prince August, cousin of the reigning duke, and of Princess Clementine of Orléans, daughter of the late King Louis Philippe of the French.

II. Princess Stéphanie, born May 21, 1864; married to the late Archduke Diédé Rudolf, only son of the Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, May 10, 1881; widow January 30, 1889.

III. Princess Clémentine, born July 30, 1872.

Brother and Sister of the King.

I. Philippe, Count of Flanders, born March 24, 1837; lieutenant-general in the service of Belgium; married, April 25, 1867, to Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. Offspring of the union are three children living :1. Princess Henriette, born November 30, 1870; married February 12, 1896, to Prince Emmanuel of Orléans, Duc de Vendôme. 2. Princess Josephine, born October 18, 1872; married, May 28, 1894, to Prince Charles-Antoine of Hohenzollern. 3. Prince Albert, born April 8, 1875.

II. Princess Charlotte, born June 7, 1840; married, July 27, 1857, to Archduke Maximilian of Austria, elected Emperor of Mexico July 10, 1863; widow June 19, 1867.

King Leopold II. has a civil list of 3,300,000 francs.

The Kingdom of Belgium formed itself into an independent State in 1830, having previously been a part of the Netherlands. The secession was decreed on October 4, 1830, by a Provisional Government, established in consequence of a revolution which broke out at Brussels on August 25, 1830. A National Congress