Fustel de Coulanges (N. D.), Histoire des Institutions politiques de 1 Ancienne France. 6 vols. S. Paris, 1888-92. Paris, 1896. Glasson (E.), Histoire du Droit et des Institutions de la France. Vol. VII. Gorce (P. de la), Histoire du Seconde Empire. Tomes I.-III. Paris, 1894-96. Guides Joanne [for Paris and the various districts of France, 20 vols.]. Paris, 1887-96. Guizot (F. P. G.), Histoire de France jusqu'en 1789. 5 vols. 4. Paris, 1870-76. Histoire de France depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1848. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1879. English Translation of Guizot's Historiés by R. Black. 8 vols. 8. London, 1870-81. Hahn (L.), Histoire de la communanté israelite de Paris. 12. Paris, 1894.-Les Juifs de Paris pendant la Revolution. Paris, 1898. Hare (A. J. C.). North-Western France, 1895. Paris, 1887. Days near Paris, 1887. NorthEastern France, 1890. South-Eastern France, 1890. South-Western France 1890, London. Hillebrand (Karl), France and the French in the second half of the Nineteenth Century. [Translated from the German]. 8. London, 1881. Joanne (Paul), Editor, Dictionnaire Géographique et Administratif de la France, &c. 4. Paris, 1888, &c. Lanessan (J. L. de), La republique démocratique, la politique intérieure, extérieure, et coloniale de la France. Paris, 1897. 4me éd. 18. Paris, 1878. Lavergne (Léonce de), Economie rurale de la France. 1897. Story of the Nations' series. London, La population Loisne (C. de), Histoire politique de France. Paris, 1886. Levasseur (E.), La France et ses colonies. 3 vols. Paris, 1890-91. française. 3 vols. Paris, 1889. La Production Brute Agricole de la France. Paris, 1891. Leverdays (E.), Nouvelle organisation de la République, &c. 12. Paris, 1892. MacCarthy (J. H.), The French Revolution. 4 vols. London, 1897. Molard (J.), Puissance Militaire des Etats de l'Europe. Paris, 1893. Monteil (Edgar), L'Administration de la République. 12. Paris, 1893. Mossé (B.), La revolution française et le Rabbinat. Avignon, 1890. Murray's Handbook for Travellers in France. 18th edition. Ollivier (E.), L'Empire Libéral. 3 vols. Paris, 1898. London, 1892. Reclus (Elisée), La France. Vol. II. of Nouvelle géographie universelle.' 8. Paris, 1877. Remy (V. H. A.), Traité de la Comptabilité publique. 8. Paris, 1894. Renard (L.), Carnet de l'officier de marine. 16. Paris. (Annual.) Say (L, Les Finances de la France sous la Troisième République. Vol. I., 1871-75. Paris, 1898. Schoene (L.), Histoire de la Population française. 12. Paris, 1893. Shaw (A.), Municipal Government in Continental Europe. London, 1896. Sloane (W. M.), Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. 4 vols. London, 1897. Smith (R. T.), The Church in France. 8. London, 1894. Taine (H. A.), Journeys through France. London, 1897. Tripier (L.), Les Codes français. 42 édition. 8. Paris, 1892. Vandam (A. D.), French Men and French Manners. London, 1895. the Second Empire. London, 1897. Undercurrents of Vigneron (H.), La France militaire et maritime du XIXme siècle. Paris, 1890, &c. Vührer (M. A.), Histoire de la dette publique en France. Paris, 1886. Villeneuve (M. de la Bigne de), Eléments de Droit constitutionel français. 8. Paris, 1892. Viollet (P.), Histoire des Institutions Politiques et Administrative de la France. 2 vols. Paris, 1898. Wenzel (John), Comparative view of the Executive and Legislative Departments of the Governments of the United States, France, England, and Germany. 8. Boston, 1891. Worms (Emile), Essai de Législation financière: le budget de France dans le passé et dans le présent. 8. Paris, 1893. Zevort (E)., Histoire de la Troisième Republique: Presidence de Jules Grévy. Paris, 1898. The following statistical serials are published in Paris :-Annuaire de l'économie politique. Revue d'économic politique. (Monthly.) Economiste français. (Weekly.) Journal des économistes. (Monthly.) Monde économique. (Weekly.) Annales de l'Ecole libre des sciences politiques. (Monthly.) Comptes rendus de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques. Journal de la société de statistique de Paris. (Monthly.) Circulaires du musée social. Réforme sociale, In the budget for 1899 the expenditure for the Colonial Service, exclusive of Algeria was estimated at 85,957,600 francs, while, for the same year, the amount to be paid into the French Treasury on account of various colonial services was estimated at 4,842,830 francs. In addition, the Marine Budget and that of the Ministry of War have to bear certain colonial expenses, while each colony has a large budget of its own, insufficient to meet the colonial expenditure. The only possessions of commercial importance, besides Algeria, Tunis and the West African Colonies, are Cochin-China, the islands of Réunion and Madagascar, and Martinique and Guadeloupe in the West Indies. The exports from and imports to French colonies are seen from the table on page 504; where more recent statistics are available they are given under separate heads. The total imports from French colonies and dependencies (exclusive of Algeria and Tunis) into Great Britain amounted in 1897 to 700,6497., and the exports of British produce from Great Britain to these possessions to 602,3937. The following are more detailed notices of the colonies, dependencies, and spheres of influence, arranged under ASIA, AFRICA, AMERICA, and AUSTRALASIA and OCEANIA. ASIA. FRENCH INDIA. The French possessions in India, as established by the treaties of 1814 and 1815, consist of five separate towns, which cover an aggregate of 50,803 hectares (about 200 square miles), and had on December 31, 1895, the following estimated populations: 49,052 Nédounkadou. 24,256 La Grande Aldée 16,948 *Pondichery *Karical 19,172 *Shandernagar . 24,059 *Mahé 8,911 5,011 Of this total less than 1,000 are Europeans. The colonies are divided into five dépendances, the chief towns of which are marked with an asterisk in the above table, and ten communes, having municipal institutions. The Governor of the colony resides at Pondichery. The colony is represented by one senator and one deputy. Local revenue and expenditure (budget of 1897) 1,209,876 rupees; expenditure of France (budget of 1899), 296,619 francs; debt (annuity) 128,000 francs. The chief exports from Pondichery are oil seeds. Imports from French India into France, 1897 :-General, 2,997,415 francs; special, 78,616 francs. Exports from France to French India :-General, 983,030 francs; special, 946,543 francs. At the ports of Pondichery and Karikal in 1897 the imports amounted to 3,560,816 francs, and the exports to 14,965,508 francs. At these two ports in 1897, 459 vessels of 622,328 tons entered and 439 of 494,769 tons cleared. FRENCH INDO-CHINA. Under this designation the French dependencies of Cochin-China, Tonking, Annam, and Cambodia have, to a certain extent, been incorporated. There is a Superior Council of Indo-China, which fixes the budget of CochinChina, and advises as to the budgets of Annam, Tonking, and Cambodia. For the common expenditure of Indo-China the amount fixed in the local budget of 1898 was 230,761 piastres; the expenditure of France (budget of 1899) was 20,360,000 francs. The special trade of France with French Colonies in 1897 amounted to 132,877,008 francs for imports, and 117,669,081 francs for exports. Including the trade with Algeria and Tunis, the total amount of imports was 399,321,037 francs, and of exports 358,230,360 francs. In the budget for 1899 the expenditure for the Colonial Service, exclusive of Algeria was estimated at 85,957,600 francs, while, for the same year, the amount to be paid into the French Treasury on account of various colonial services was estimated at 4,842,830 francs. In addition, the Marine Budget and that of the Ministry of War have to bear certain colonial expenses, while each colony has a large budget of its own, insufficient to meet the colonial expenditure. The only possessions of commercial importance, besides Algeria, Tunis and the West African Colonies, are Cochin-China, the islands of Réunion and Madagascar, and Martinique and Guadeloupe in the West Indies. The exports from and imports to French colonies are seen from the table on page 504; where more recent statistics are available they are given under separate heads. The total imports from French colonies and dependencies (exclusive of Algeria and Tunis) into Great Britain amounted in 1897 to 700,6497., and the exports of British produce from Great Britain to these possessions to 602,3937. The following are more detailed notices of the colonies, dependencies, and spheres of influence, arranged under ASIA, AFRICA, AMERICA, and AUSTRALASIA and OCEANIA. ASIA. FRENCH INDIA. The French possessions in India, as established by the treaties of 1814 and 1815, consist of five separate towns, which cover an aggregate of 50,803 hectares (about 200 square miles), and had on December 31, 1895, the following estimated populations: : *Pondichery *Karical Oulgaret Villenour 49,052 Nédounkadou. 24,256 La Grande Aldée 16,948 *Shandernagar. 24,059 | *Mahé 19,172 57,724 Bahour 31,818 Yanaon 49,932 Total, 286,913. 8,911 5,011 Of this total less than 1,000 are Europeans. The colonies are divided into five dépendances, the chief towns of which are marked with an asterisk in the above table, and ten communes, having municipal institutions. The Governor of the colony resides at Pondichery. The colony is represented by one senator and one deputy. Local revenue and expenditure (budget of 1897) 1,209,876 rupees; expenditure of France (budget of 1899), 296,619 francs; debt (annuity) 128,000 francs. The chief exports from Pondichery are oil seeds. Imports from French India into France, 1897 :-General, 2,997,415 francs; special, 78,616 francs. Exports from France to French India :-General, 983,030 francs; special, 946,543 francs. At the ports of Pondichery and Karikal in 1897 the imports amounted to 3,560,816 francs, and the exports to 14,965,508 francs. At these two ports in 1897, 459 vessels of 622,328 tons entered and 439 of 494,769 tons cleared. FRENCH INDO-CHINA. Under this designation the French dependencies of Cochin-China, Tonking, Annam, and Cambodia have, to a certain extent, been incorporated. There is a Superior Council of Indo-China, which fixes the budget of CochinChina, and advises as to the budgets of Annam, Tonking, and Cambodia. For the common expenditure of Indo-China the amount fixed in the local budget of 1898 was 230,761 piastres; the expenditure of France (budget of 1899) was 20,360,000 francs. In 1893-96 about 110,000 square miles of Siam to the east of the Mekong was annexed by France. [See SIAM.] In 1887 the French possessions in Indo-China, including Annam, Tonking, and Cambodia, were united into a Customs Union. Imports from French Indo-China into France, 1897-General, 23,215,493 francs; special, 21,880,344 francs. Exports from France to French Indo-China :-General, 38,557,399 francs; special, 30,733,918 francs. ANNAM. French intervention in the affairs of Annam, which began as early as 1787, was terminated by a treaty, signed on June 6, 1884, and ratified at Hué on February 23, 1886, by which a French protectorate has been established over Annam. Prince Buu Lam was proclaimed King on January 31, 1889, under the title of Thanh Thaï. The ports of Turane, Qui-Nhon, and Xuan Day are opened to European commerce, and the customs revenue conceded to France; French troops occupy part of the citadel (called Mang-Ca) of Hué, the capital (population 30,000). Annamite functionaries, under the control of the French government, administer all the internal affairs of Annam. The area of the protectorate is about 81,042 square miles, with a population estimated at 2,000,000 by some, and at 6,000,000 by others; the latter being considered the more probable. It is Annamite in the towns and along the coast, and consists of various tribes of Moïs in the hilly tracts. There are 420,000 Roman Catholics. In Annam and Tonking there are 23,370 troops, of whom 14,500 are natives. The productions are rice, maize and other cereals, the areca nut, mulberry, cinnamon, tobacco, sugar, betel, manioc, bamboo, excellent timber, also caoutchouc, and dye, and medicinal plants. Raw silk is produced, and coarse crape and earthenware are manufactured. There are iron, copper, zinc, and gold in the province of Quang-nam; the mines are worked by natives. At Nho-Lam 120 primitive furnaces turn out 120 lbs. of iron a day in bars. The chief imports are cotton-yarn, cottons, tea, petroleum, paper goods, and tobacco; chief exports, sugar and cinnamon. There entered, in 1896 (including junks) 260 vessels of 105,178 tons, and cleared 352 of 113,561 tons. CAMBODIA. Area, 46,000 square miles; population about 1,500,000, consisting of several indigenous races, 40,000 Malays, 250,000 Chinese and Annamites. The country is under King Norodom, who recognised the French protectorate in 1863, and it is divided into 57 provinces. The two chief towns are PnomPenh (population 50,000), the capital of the territory, and Kampot, a seaport, but not accessible for sea-going vessels. The budget for 1898 was fixed at 2,523,000 Mexican dollars, including a sum of 415,200 Mexican dollars allowed for the civil list of the king and princes. The chief culture is rice, betel, tobacco, indigo, sugar tree, and silk tree, pepper, maize, cinnamon, coffee. There are important factories at Khsach-Kandal, near Pnom-Penh, for the shelling of cotton seeds. The external trade is carried on mostly through Saïgon in Cochin-China. The imports comprise salt, wine, textiles, arms; the exports comprise salt fish, cotton, tobacco, rice. The trade statistics are included in those of Indo-China. COCHIN-CHINA. The area of French Cochin-China is estimated at 23,000 square miles. The whole is divided into 4 provinces, Saigon, Mytho, Vinh-Long, and Bassac; and these into 21 arrondissements The colony is represented by |