There were 516,516 males and 522,504 females in 1895-i.c. 1011 females per 100 males. Increase from 1885 to 1890 was at the rate of 0.76 per cent. ; from 1890 to 1895 at the rate of 0.97 per cent. per annum. There were 9,188 marriages in Hesse in 1897, 21,227 births and 35,429 deaths, leaving a surplus of 14,202 births. Among the births 1,281, or 3.62 per cent. were stillborn, and 2,816, or 7.95 per cent., illegitimate children. Emigrants to extra-European countries. 1,992 in 1891, 1,716 in 1892, 1,422 in 1893, 515 in 1894, 693 in 1895, 558 in 1896, and 468 in 1897. Of the population in 1895, 47.9 per cent. lived in communes with 2,000 inhabitants and upwards; 52.1 per cent. in smaller communes. The largest towns of the Grand-duchy are Mayence or Mainz, with 76,946 ; Darmstadt, the capital, 63,745 (including Bessungen); Offenbach, 39,408; Worms, 28,636 Giessen, 22,924 inhabitants, at the census of December 2, 1895. Religion and Instruction. Somewhat more than two-thirds of the population are Protestant; nearly three-tenths Catholic. At the census of 1895 there were 694,962 Protestants, 305,906 Catholics, 6,619 of other Christian sects, 24,618 Jews, and 42 unclassified, or of no religion. The Grand-duke is Protestant and head of the Evangelical or Protestant Church, which is governed by a synod (with 56 members), and whose affairs are administered by a consistory (Oberconsistorium). The Roman Catholic Church has a Bishop (at Mainz). The Protestant Church has 416 parishes, the Roman Catholic Church 159; the former are divided among 23 deaneries, the latter among 19. The contributions of the State to the Protestant Church amounted in 1898 to 240,000 marks; to the Roman Catholic Church, 137,892 marks. The Jews have 8 rabbinates. Instruction is compulsory in Hesse. The elementary schools are maintained by the communes, but with contributions by the State. There are (1898) 987 public elementary schools with 2,559 teachers, attended by 158,053 pupils; 34 advanced elementary schools (erweiterte Volksschulen), of which 26 are higher schools (höhere Bürgerschulen) with 90 teachers and 1,474 pupils, and 8 other middle schools with 93 teachers and 2,996 pupils. The children who leave the elementary schools proceed to the continuation schools (Fortbildungs-schulen). In 1897-98 the number of these schools was 906; of the pupils, 24,098. Hesse has 28 Gymnasia, Realgymnasia, Progymnasia, Oberrealschulen, and Realschulen, with (1897) a total attendance of 8,358; 5 higher girls' schools with (1898) 2,010, and 52 private schools with (1898) 4,110 pupils. In addition, there are a University at Giessen with 733 matriculated students and 31 listeners, and a Technical High School (Technische Hochschule) at Darmstadt, with 1,237 students and 84 'hospitants," &c., in 1898. Besides, there are many industrial, technical, agricultural and other special institutes. Finance. The budget is granted for the term of three years. The sources of ordinary revenue and branches of expenditure were estimated for each year of the financial period 1897-1900 as follows: Finance and Industry. For 1898-99 the revenue was estimated at 1,326,889 marks, and expenditure at 1,348,127 marks. Public debt in 1897, 948,598 marks. In 1895 the separate farms were as follows: Their total area was 99,813 hectares. These farms supported a population of 44,758, of whom 20,877 were actively engaged in agriculture. Railways, 51 miles. British Consul-General.-William Ward (Hamburg). LÜBECK. (FREIE UND HANSE-STADT LUBECK.) The free city and State of Lübeck form a Republic, governed according to a Constitution proclaimed December 30, 1848, revised December 29, 1851, and April 7, 1875. The main features of this charter are two representative bodies-first, the Senate, exercising the executive, and, secondly, the Bürgerschaft, or House of Burgesses, exercising, together with the Senate, the legislative authority. The Senate is composed of fourteen members, elected for life, and presided over by one burgomaster, who holds office for two years. There are 120 members in the House of Burgesses, chosen by all citizens of the town. A committee of thirty burgesses, presided over by a chairman elected for one year, has the duty of representing the legislative assembly in the intervals of the ordinary sessions, and of carrying on all active business. The government is in the hands of the Senate, but the House of Burgesses has the right of initiative in all measures relative to the public expenditure, foreign treaties, and general legislation. To the passing of every new law the sanction of the Senate and the House of Burgesses is required. Area and Population. The State comprises a territory of 115 English square miles, of which the population on December 1, 1890, was 76,485 and on December 2, 1895, 83,324 (40,273 males and 43,051 females). The city proper had 39,743, and the rural districts, composed of scattered portions of territory surrounded by Prussia, Oldenburg, and Mecklenburg, 12,415 inhabitants in 1875; in 1880 the city had increased to 51,055, and in 1895 to 69,812. In the five years 1890-95 the population increased by 9.78 per cent. In the State of Lübeck the movement of population during four years was as follows: Hess. Centralstelle für die Landesstatistik. 28 Bde. Darmstadt, 1862-98. Verfassungs-und Küchler (F.), Bearbeitet von Braun (A. E.) und Weber (A. K.). LIPPE. (FURSTENTHUM LIPPE.) Reigning Prince. 3 Bde. Alexander, born January 16, 1831, son of Prince Leopold and of Princess Emile of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen; succeeded to the throne at the death of his brother, Prince Waldemar, March 20, 1895. RegentCount Ernst, born June 9, 1842, son of Count Julius of Lippe-Biesterfeld, and Adelaide, Countess of Castell-Castell; married September 16, 1869, to Caroline, Countess of Wartensleben; offspring: Adelaide, born June 22, 1870, married April 25, 1889, to Prince Frederick of Saxe-Meiningen; Leopold, born May 30, 1871; Bernard, born August 26, 1872; Julius and Carola, born September 2, 1873; Matilda, born March 27, 1875. The Regent has four brothers. The house of Lippe is the eldest branch of the ancient family of Lippe, from which proceeded in the seventeenth century the still flourishing collateral lineages of Lippe-Biesterfeld, Schaumburg-Lippe, &c. For the expenses of the court, &c., are allotted the revenues arising from the Domanium (farms, forests, &c.), which, according to the covenant of June 24, 1868, are indivisible and inalienable entail estate of the Prince's house, the usufruct and administration of which belong to the reigning Prince. From the Domanium the Regent receives a donation of 250,000 marks a year. Constitution. A charter of rights was granted to Lippe by decree of July 6, 1836, partly replaced by the electoral law of June 3, 1876, according to which the Diet is composed of twenty-one members, who are elected in three divisions determined by the scale of the rates. The discussions are public. To the Chamber belongs the right of taking part in legislation and the levying of taxes ; otherwise its functions are consultative. A minister presides over the government. Area and Population. The population at the census of December 2, 1895, numbered 134,854, living on an area of 469 English square miles. Of the population 66,176 were males, and 68,678 (or 103 5 per 100 males) females. On December 1, 1890, the population was 128,495. Marriages, 1897, 1,076; births, 4,942; deaths, 2,609; surplus, 2,333; of the births 160 (3.24 per cent.) were stillborn, and 241 (4.87 per cent.) illegitimate. The emigration statistics are as follows: The capital, Detmold, has 11,237 inhabitants (1895). Except 4,332 Catholics and 989 Jews (1890), the people are Protestants. Finance and Industry. For 1898-99 the revenue was estimated at 1,326,889 marks, and expenditure at 1,348,127 marks. Public debt in 1897, 948,598 marks. In 1895 the separate farms were as follows: Under 1 Hectare 1-10 Hectares 10-100 Hectares Over 100 Hectares Total 25,059 Their total area was 99,813 hectares. These farms supported a population of 44,758, of whom 20,877 were actively engaged in agriculture. Railways, 51 miles. British Consul-General.-William Ward (Hamburg). LÜBECK. (FREIE UND HANSE-STADT LUBECK.) The free city and State of Lübeck form a Republic, governed according to a Constitution proclaimed December 30, 1848, revised December 29, 1851, and April 7, 1875. The main features of this charter are two representative bodies-first, the Senate, exercising the executive, and, secondly, the Bürgerschaft, or House of Burgesses, exercising, together with the Senate, the legislative authority. The Senate is composed of fourteen members, elected for life, and presided over by one burgomaster, who holds office for two years. There are 120 members in the House of Burgesses, chosen by all citizens of the town. A committee of thirty burgesses, presided over by a chairman elected for one year, has the duty of representing the legislative assembly in the intervals of the ordinary sessions, and of carrying on all active business. The government is in the hands of the Senate, but the House of Burgesses has the right of initiative in all measures relative to the public expenditure, foreign treaties, and general legislation. To the passing of every new law the sanction of the Senate and the House of Burgesses is required. Area and Population. The State comprises a territory of 115 English square miles, of which the population on December 1, 1890, was 76,485 and on December 2, 1895, 83,324 (40,273 males and 43,051 females). The city proper had 39,743, and the rural districts, composed of scattered portions of territory surrounded by Prussia, Oldenburg, and Mecklenburg, 12,415 inhabitants in 1875; in 1880 the city had increased to 51,055, and in 1895 to 69,812. In the five years 1890-95 the population increased by 9.78 per cent. In the State of Lübeck the movement of population during four years was as follows: In 1897 there were 289 illegitimate births, or 9.5 per cent. of the total births, and 72 still-births, or 380 per cent. Religion, Instruction, Justice, and Pauperism. On June 14, 1895, Protestants numbered 80,709 (97.5 per cent.), Roman Catholics 1,303 (1.7 per cent.), other Christians 79, Jews 709, and ' unclassified' 15. Education is compulsory between the ages of 6 and 14. In the city and suburbs there are (1895) 18 elementary schools (9 for each sex), with 7,750 pupils; for boys 1 gymnasium (580 pupils), 1 real school (172 pupils), 2 private higher schools (719 pupils), and 3 public middle schools (1,357 pupils); for girls there are 5 private high schools and 2 private middle schools (1,179 pupils). There are also a public technical school for apprentices, and 2 private commercial schools. Five daily newspapers, one weekly and one bi-weekly periodical, are published in the city. Lübeck contains an Amtsgericht and a Landgericht, whence the appeal lies to the 'Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht' at Hamburg. The police force number 105 men, and in 1897-98 cost 147,247 marks. In 1893, 540; 1894, 543; 1895, 683; 1896, 1,076; 1897, 1,215 criminals were convicted. In 1894-95, 1,591 persons received poor-relief from the State 'Armen-Anstalt,' which spent, in 1897-98, 107,641 marks out of a revenue of 120,639 marks. Finance. The estimated revenue for the year 1898-99 amounted to 4,859,071 marks, and the expenditure to 4,859,071 marks. About one-sixth of the revenue is derived from public domains, chiefly forests; one-fourth from interest; and the rest mostly from direct taxation. Of the expenditure, one-fourth is for the interest and reduction of the public debt, the latter amounting, in 1897, to 18,871,020 marks. Imports by sea in 1897, 77,287,063 marks; exports, 141,494, 606 marks. The chief articles of commerce are timber, corn, coal and coke, iron, wine, and colonial produce. The bulk of the direct trade of Lübeck is carried on with Denmark, Great Britain, Russia, and Sweden and Norway. (For the shipping statistics see under Germany.) The number of vessels arriving under the British flag in 1897 was 10 of 8,704 registered tons. The number of vessels belonging to the port of Lübeck at the end of 1897 was 29, with an aggregate tonnage of 13,011, of which 27 vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 11,788, were steamers. |