This classification is founded upon the declarations of intending emigrants made before the syndics (or mayors) of communes on application for passports, and the figures differ considerably from those given in the statistics of the various countries mentioned. The difference is explained chiefly by the fact that, in many cases, emigration to other European States, intended to be temporary, becomes permanent, the emigrants embarking for America from their temporary home. According to the statistics of the respective countries, the Italian immigrants into the United States in 1897, 59, 431; Argentina and Uruguay, 48, 329. To the emigration in 1897 the different parts of Italy contributed as follows:-Piemonte, 18,576 (11,938 temporary); Liguria, 3,931 (292 temporary); Lombardia, 24,706 (11,118 temporary); Veneto, 110,896 (84,860 temporary); Emilia, 17,317 (6,042 temporary); Toscana, 16,640 (6,072 temporary); Marche, 4,803 (133 temporary); Umbria, 1,734 (199 temporary); Lazio, 6,832 (34 temporary); Abruzzi e Molise, 12,591 (3,135 temporary); Campania, 32,604 (6,749 temporary); Puglie, 3,270 (710 temporary); Basilicata, 8,529; Calabrie, 15,557; Sicilia, 19,109 (3,115 temporary); Sardinia, 2,760 (29 temporary); total, 299, 855 (134,426 temporary). The number of Italians abroad in 1891 was officially estimated at about 2 000,000. III. PRINCIPAL TOWNS. The communal population of the capitals of provinces was as follows on December 31, 1897 : San Marino. Embraced in the area of Italy is the independent Republic, and one of the oldest States in Europe, San Marino. It has an area of 32 square miles, and a population of about 8,500 (1896). Its annual revenue is about 361,000 lire, and expenditure 357,000. It has no public debt. A new treaty of friendship with the Kingdom of Italy was concluded at Florence, June 28, 1897. Religion, The Roman Catholic Church is, nominally, the ruling State religion of Italy; but many Acts of the Legislature, passed since the establishment of the Kingdom, and more especially since the suppression of the Supreme Pontiff's temporal government, have subordinated the power of the Church and clergy to the authority of the civil government, and secured freedom of worship to the adherents of all recognised religions. However, scarcely any other positive creed as yet exists but Roman Catholicism. At the census of 1881, of the total population about 62,000 were Protestants and 38,00) Jews. Of the Protestants 22,000 belonged to the Waldensian Church of Piedmont, about 10,000 to the other evangelical Italian Churches, and 30,000 to foreign Protestant bodies. Under the Roman Pontiff, the Catholic episcopal hierarchy in Italy consists of 49 archbishoprics and 220 bishoprics, besides the 6 cardinalbishoprics near Rome. Of these prelacies, 76 are immediately subject to the Apostolic See, 12 being archbishoprics. Thus there are altogether 37 metropolitan sees, the average number of suffragan sees to each metropolitan being about 4. Every archbishop or bishop is appointed by the Pope, on the advice of a council of Cardinals; but the royal exequatur is necessary for his installation. The number of parishes in 1881 was 20,465; of churches and chapels, 55,263; of secular clergy, 76,560. The immense wealth of the Italian clergy has greatly dwindled since the year 1850, when the Siccardi bill, abolishing external ecclesiastical jurisdiction and clerical privileges, passed the Sardinian Chambers. This law was extended, in 1861, over the whole Kingdom, and had the effect of rapidly diminishing the numbers as well as the incomes of the clergy. In 1865 there were in Italy 2,382 religious houses, of which 1,506 were for men and 876 for women. The number of religious persons was 28,991, of whom 14,807 were men and 14,184 women. The mendicant orders numbered 8,229 persons, comprised in the above-mentioned total. A law for the entire suppression of all religious houses throughout the Kingdom was adopted by the Italian Parliament in 1866. This law provided a small pension to all religious persons who had taken regular vows before January 18, 1864. Several monasteries were temporarily set aside for such monks, friars, or nuns as might wish to continue their conventual life, the inmates, when come down to a certain number, to be drafted off to another house, and so again, until all finally died out. All collegiate chapters were likewise dissolved. The lands and goods of these suppressed bodies were appropriated by the State. SEE AND CHURCH OF ROME. The 'Statuto fondamentale del Regno' enacts, in its first article, that 'the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion is the sole religion of the State.' By the Royal decree of Oct. 9, 1870, which declared that 'Rome and the Roman Provinces shall constitute an integral part of the Kingdom of Italy,' the Pope or Roman Pontiff was acknowledged supreme head of the Church, preserving his former rank and dignity as a sovereign prince. Furthermore, by a bill that became law May 13, 1871, there was guaranteed to His Holiness and his successors for ever, besides possession of the Vatican and Lateran palaces and the villa of Castel Gandolfo, a yearly income of 3,225,000 lire or 129,000l., which allowance (whose arrears would in 1899 amount to 93,525,000 lire, or 3,741,0007.) still remains unclaimed and unpaid. Supreme Pontiff.-Leone XIII. (Gioacchino Pecci), born at Carpineto in the diocese of Anagni, March 2, 1810, son of Count Luigi Pecci; consecrated Archbishop of Damiata 1843; Apostolic Nuncio to Belgium 1843-46; Bishop of Perugia 1846; proclaimed Cardinal December 19, 1853; elected Supreme Pontiff, as successor of Pio IX., February 20, 1878; crowned March 3 following. He is, therefore, now 88 years old, and has filled the Pontifical throne for 20 years. : The election of a Pope ordinarily is by scrutiny. Each Cardinal in conclave writes on a ticket his own name with that of the Cardinal whom he chooses. These tickets, folded and sealed, are laid in a chalice which stands on the altar of the conclave chapel and each elector approaching the altar repeats a prescribed form of oath. Thereupon the tickets are taken from the chalice by scrutators appointed from the electing body; the tickets are compared with the number of Cardinals present, and when it is found that any Cardinal has two-thirds of the votes in his favour he is declared elected. Should none have received the needful number of votes, another process is gone through, viz., access-so called because any Cardinal may accede to the choice of another by filling up another ticket made for that purpose. The present Pontiff, Leone XIII., was chosen almost unanimously. He is regarded as the 263rd Pope (or thereabouts) from St. Peter. The rise of the Roman Pontificate, as an avowed temporal sovereignty, dates from the year 755, when Pippin, King of the Franks, gave to Pope Stefano III. the Exarchate and Pentapolis (or Romagna), conquered from the Lombards, to which Charles the Great added part of Tuscany and Sabina; and three centuries later Countess Matilda of Tuscany bequeathed to the Holy See her ample territories. Rome, however, with the Roman duchy, came practically under the Pope's civil dominion in the days of Gregorio the Great (590-604). In 1860 the whole Pontifical State comprised an area of about 16,000 square miles, with a population of 3,125,000 souls; thenceforth, until 1870, about 5,000 square miles and 692,000 souls. From the accession of Martino V., 213th in the usual list of Roman Pontiffs, to Leone XIII., 263rd in the list, the Popes have been as follows: The Bishop of Rome, or Pope, by Roman Catholics accounted Vicar of Jesus Christ upon earth and, in that office, Successor of St. Peter, is the absolute and irresponsible ruler of the Roman Catholic Church, regarded as the whole Christian Church here below. His ex cathedra definitions on matters of faith or morals are held to be infallible, and against his judgments there is no appeal. Every baptized person is held to be spiritually subject to him, and his jurisdiction over such to be immediate. The Roman Pontiff has for advisers and coadjutors the Sacred College of Cardinals, consisting, when complete, of seventy members, namely, six cardinal-bishops, fifty cardinalpriests, and fourteen cardinal-deacons, but hardly ever comprising the full number. In January 1899 the Sacred College consisted of six cardinalbishops, forty-five cardinal-priests, and five cardinal-deacons. The following list gives the names of these fifty-six cardinals :— |