The quantities and value of the imports of guano into Great Britain from Peru in the last six years were as follows: : Imports into the United Kingdom from Peru are :-sugar, 1,380,6227. in 1879; 477,9797. in 1896; 425,6617. in 1897; sheep and alpaca wool, 302,7437. in 1896; 300,7597. in 1897; raw cotton, 162,0467. in 1896; 157,2137. in 1897; copper ore and copper, 49,2947. in 1896; 105,790 in 1897; silver ore, 90,1577. in 1896; 169,7657. in 1897; nitre, 10,0107. in 1896; 5,7667. 1897. The chief exports from Great Britain to Peru are :-cotton goods, 455,4247. in 1896; 327,4127. in 1897; woollens, 113,4407. in 1896; 105,4667. in 1897; iron, wrought and unwrought, 64,5707. in 1896; 60,4747. in 1897; machinery, 63,0667. in 1896; 45,3877. in 1897. Shipping and Navigation. At the port of Callao in 1897, of vessels of over 50 tons, 492 vessels of 600,049 tons (196 vessels of 307,597 tons British) entered, and 503 vessels of 618,677 tons (199 of 313,992 tons British) cleared. There entered also 889 vessels, under 50 tons, of 10,966 tons. At Trujillo there entered (1896) 284 vessels of 446,520 tons (156 of 310,692 tons British). The merchant navy of Peru in 1896 consisted of 36 vessels of over 50 tons, their aggregate tonnage being 9,953 tons, and 96 vessels under 50 tons, their aggregate being 1,246 tons. Internal Communications. Good roads and bridges are required all over the country. A road is being constructed from La Merced in Chanchamayo to the Pichis River, by which communication with the Amazon will be established; on this road a large sum has been spent, but the result, so far, is unsatisfactory. A carriage road is to be made from Oroya, the terminus of the Central Railway, to Cerro de Pasco, 66 miles, where at present the sole means of transport is by llamas, horses, and mules. The construction of a carriage road from Sicuani, the railway terminus, to Cuzco is far advanced. In 1895 the total working length of the Peruvian railways was 924 miles, of which 800 miles belong to the State. The Peruvian railways, including those ceded to Chile, cost about 36 millions sterling. The length of State telegraph lines in 1897 was 1,400 miles, and of the Corporation lines, 533 miles. There are 48 telegraph offices. In 1896, 88,326, and in 1897, 121,492 telegrams were despatched. The telegraph cables laid on the west coast of America have stations at Paita, Callao, Lima, and Mollendo, and thus Peru is placed in direct communication with the telegraphic system of the world. A telephone system has a network of 2,300 miles. In 1897, 12,760,771 letters, post-cards, newspapers, &c., passed through the Post Office; there are 320 offices. Revenue (1897) 259,478 soles, exclu. sive of a balance of 9,769 soles for former year from local offices; expenditure, 261,360 soles. Money and Credit. The silver coined in the 12 years 1874-85 amounted to the nominal value of 9,841,582 soles; that coined in the 12 years 1886-97, to 30,669,099 soles. For each of the last three years the value was 1895, 4,150,966 soles; 1896, 2,704,031 soles; 1897, 429,807 soles. In 1897 the mint was closed to the coinage of silver, and the importation of all silver coin prohibited. Measures have been taken for the conversion of silver coin into bars, to be exchanged for gold, the cost to be defrayed (pro tanto) by a surcharge on duties paid in silver. The executive is also authorised to coin money of the same weight and fineness as the English sovereign, and to accept English sovereigns and national gold coin as equal to 10 soles, the ratio being thus 31 to 1. The new gold coin will probably be made the monetary unit. Up to June 1, 1898 about 150,000 sovereigns had been imported, and about 23,000 Peruvian pounds, or libras, had been coined but not put in circulation. In Peru there are three commercial banks: the Bank of Peru and London, with a paid-up capital of 2,000,000 soles; the Italian Bank, paid-up capital, 750,000 soles; and the International Bank of Peru, paid-up capital, 500,000 soles. There is also a Savings Bank, with deposits amounting to over 1,000,000 soles. The condition of these four banks, collectively, on December 31, 1897, was as follows: The Sol Money, Weights, and Measures. 100 centavos; actual value, about 2s.; Medio Sol = 50, Peseta = 20, Real = 10, Medio Real = 5 centavos. The French metric system of weights and measures was established by law in 1860, but has not yet come into general use, except for the customs tariff. Diplomatic Representatives. 1. OF PERU IN GREAT BRITAIN. Envoy and Minister.-Don José F. Canevaro. Consul-General (London).-Edward Lembcke. There are Consular representatives at Belfast, Cardiff, Dublin, Dundee, Glasgow, Liverpool, Queenstown, Southampton. 2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN PERU. Minister and Consul-General.-William Nelthorpe Beauclerk. There are a Consul and Vice-Consul at Callao, a Consul at Iquitos, Vice-Consuls at Lima, Payta, Lambayeque, Arequipa, Mollendo, Pisco, a Vice-Consul for Trujillo and Salaverry, one for Pérené and Chanchamayo districts, and a Consular Agent at Cerro de Pasco. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Peru. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Demarcacion política del Perú. Edicion oficial de la direccion de estadística. Fol. Lima, 1874. Paz Soldan (Mariano Felipe), Diccionario geográfico-estadístico del Perú: Contiene ademas la etimologia Aymara y Quechua de las principales poblaciones, lagos, rios, cerros, &c. 8. Lima, 1879. Peru. No. 60 of the Bulletins of the Bureau of the American Republics. Washington, 1892. Raimondi (Antonio), El Perú. 3 vols. Published at Lima, 1874. Report by Sir C. Mansfield on the auriferous deposits of Peru. No. 167 of 'Reports on Subjects of General and Commercial Importance.' 1890. Reports on the Trade of Peru in Foreign Office Reports, Annual Series. London. Trade of Peru with Great Britain, in 'Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions Imp. 4 London. 2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Albertini (L. E.), Pérou en 1878. Paris, 1878. Bates (H. W.), Central and South America. London, 1882. Chérot (A.), Le Pérou Productions, guano, commerce, finances, &c. 8. Paris, 1876. Clark (E. B.), Twelve Months in Peru. 8. London, 1891. Crommelin (May), Over the Andes from Chili to Peru. London, 1895. Duffield (A.), Peru in the Guano Age. 8. London, 1877. El Economista. Weekly. Lima. Evans (P. F.), From Peru to the Plate. 8. London, 1889 Fuentes (Manuel A.), Lima, or Sketches of the Capital of Peru: Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial, and Moral. 8. London, 1866. Grandidier (E.), Voyage dans l'Amérique du Sud, Pérou et Bolivie. 8. Paris, 1863. Guillaume (H.), The Amazon Provinces of Peru as a Field for European Emigration. London, 1888. Hill (S. S.), Travels in Peru and Mexico. 2 vols. 8. London, 1860. Hutchinson (T. J.), Two Years in Peru. 2 vols. S. London, 1874. Markham (C. R.), Peru. London, 1881. Markham (C. R.), The War between Peru and Chili, 1879-81. London, 1883. Markham (Clements R.), Travels in Peru and India, while superintending the Collection of Cinchona Plants and Seeds in South America, and their Introduction into India. 8. London, 1862. 12. Paris, 1862. Menendez (D. Baldomero), Manuel de geografía y estadística del Perú. Middendorf (E. W.), Peru: Beobachtungen und Studien über Das Land und Seine Bewohnern, während eines 25 Jahrigen Aufenthalts. Berlin, 1893. Ordinaire (Olivier), Du Pacifique à l'Atlantique par les Andes peruviennes et l'Amazone. 12. Paris, 1892. Paz Soldan (Mariano Felipe), Historia del Perú Independente. 3 vols. Pradier-Fodéré (C.), Lima et ses environs. Paris, 1897. Prescott (W. H.), History of the Conquest of Peru. London. Squier (E. G.), Peru: Incidents of Travels and Exploration in the Land of the Incas. 8. London, 1877. Temple (Edmond), Travels in various Parts of Peru. 2 vols. London, 1830. 8. Leipzig, 1866-68. Ursel (Comte C. d'), Sud Amérique: Séjours et voyages au Brésil, en Bolivie, et au Pérou. 12. Paris, 1879. Wappaeus (Joh. Eduard), Die Republic Peru; in Stein's ' Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik.' Part III. 8. Leipzig, 1864. Wiener (Charles), Pérou et Bolivie. Paris, 1880. PORTUGAL. (REINO DE PORTUGAL E ALGARVES.) Reigning King. Carlos I., born September 28, 1863, son of King Luiz I. and his Queen Maria Pia, daughter of the late King Vittorio Emanuele of Italy, who still survives; married, May 22, 1886, Marie Amélie, daughter of Philippe Duc d'Orléans, Comte de Paris : succeeded to the throne October 19, 1889. Offspring :-I. Luiz Philippe, Duke of Braganza, born March 21, 1887. II. Manuel, born November 15, 1889. Brother of the King.-Prince Affonso Henriques, Duke of Oporto, born July 31, 1865. Aunt of the King.-Princess Antonia, born February 17, 1845; married, September 12, 1861, to Prince Leopold of HohenzollernSigmaringen, born September 22, 1835. Offspring of the union are three sons:-1. Prince Wilhelm, born March 7, 1864. 2. Prince Ferdinand, born August 24, 1865. 3. Prince Karl, born September 1, 1868. The reigning dynasty of Portugal belongs to the House of Braganza, which dates from the end of the fourteenth century, at which period Affonso, an illegitimate son of King João, or John I., was created by his father Count of Barcellos, Lord of Guimarães, and by King Affonso V., Duke of Braganza (1442). When the old line of Portuguese kings, of the House of Avis, became extinct by the death of King Sebastian, and of his successor, Cardinal Henrique, Philip II. of Spain became King of Portugal in virtue of his descent from a Portuguese princess. After 60 years' union under the same kings with Spain, the people of Portugal revolted, and proclaimed Dom João, the then Duke of Braganza, as their national king, he being the nearest Portuguese heir to the throne. The Duke thereupon assumed the name of João IV., to which Portuguese historians appended the title of the Restorer.' From this João the present rulers of Portugal are descended. Queen Maria II., by her marriage with a Prince of Coburg-Gotha, Fernando, Duke of Saxe, united the House of Braganza with that of the Teutonic Sovereigns. Carlos I. is the third Sovereign of Portugal of the line of Braganza-Coburg. Carlos I. has a civil list of 365,000 milreis; while his consort has a grant of 60,000 milreis. The whole grants to the royal family amount to 525,800 milreis. The following is a list of the Sovereigns of Portugal since its conquest from the Moors : |