Office of Memory.-Self, as memory, stores, reproduces, and recognizes his experiences. This, in the mental economy, is the sole function of memory. What was originally present in consciousness is made present again-is represented. Memory is the mind remembering past experiences. Retention, association,

and recognition are incident to complete reproduction, and are merely elements of memory.

It is the function of memory to reproduce all forms of knowledge, and to know the representations as former acquisitions. Memory utilizes the results of all previous cognitions. Without memory, we should be as oblivious of the past as we are ignorant of the future.

Characteristics of Memory.-You can readily distinguish between memory and other faculties by noting two marked peculiarities of this power of the soul:

1. Self, as memory, recalls the past. Take away memory, and all the past would be a blank. Memory is our only power to make the past reappear.

2. Memory identifies. Memory links the present with the past, and thus we maintain our personal identity. Memory identifies recollections as former experiences.

3. Memory enters into all mental activity. Self, as consciousness, unitizes all mental acts; self, as memory, treasures and recalls all. Like attention and consciousness, memory enters into all knowing, all feeling, all willing. You attend. You perceive the coming train. You hasten with throbbing heart to meet a long-absent brother. You are conscious of each act. Years pass. Now you vividly represent the scene. conscious of recalling a past experience. the web of mental life.

You are now

Thus is woven

Memory defined. The soul is endowed with powers or faculties. Wundt tells us that "faculties are distinct modes of psychical activity." Sense-perception is self perceiving material things. Memory is self recalling past acquisitions :

1. Memory is the power to store and reproduce experiences. We recall our acquisitions in the old forms in which we experienced them, and we recognize them as former experiences.

2. Original. Put your conception of memory in your own words. Until made your own, and translated into your own language, the thoughts of others are oftener an injury than a benefit. So familiar seems to you the memory notion that there is danger of superficial work.

3. Various Definitions.-MANSEL: Memory is the power of the mind to reproduce its own acts. SCHUYLER: Memory is the power to recall previous cognitions. BASCOM: Memory is the power of recalling the phenomena of consciousness. McCosн: Memory is self remembering. WHITE: Memory is the power to reknow objects previously known. EVERETT: Memory is the power to reproduce and recognize former knowledge.

Memory-Knowledge. The products of memory are called memories, recollections, remembrances. "Memories of other days," "sweet recollections," and "kind remembrances," are some of our most familiar expressions. Original mental products are called percepts, concepts, ideals, and judgments. Memory-products are termed re-percepts, re-concepts, and re-judgments:

1. A remembered percept is a re-percept. Yesterday I saw a dove. Self, as sense-perception, intuitively formed the percept-this dove. To-day I recall this

percept. Again the dove is present. The idea-this dove-is now a remembered percept, a re-percept.

2. A remembered concept is a re-concept. From the percepts, this triangle, and this, and this, I discern the general notion, three-angledness. I embody this abstract general notion or concept in the word triangle. When I recall the concept triangle it is a remembered concept, a re-concept.

3. Memories are intellectual products. Emotions and volitions are strung on ideas, as pearls on threads of gold. Last week a friend did me a kind act. I perI ceived the kind act and felt gratitude. I now recall that kind act, and also the fact that I felt gratitude. The re-percept that kind act-occasions a feeling of gratitude, but it is a new feeling. We can not make present again past feelings or past volitions. We recall intellectual products only. Memories are intellectual products.

Experiences and Memories.-We recall our former experiences. Our remembrances are unmodified transcripts of our experiences. Memory represents acquisitions in the old forms of experience. Some relations, however, deserve careful study:

1. Remembrances suggest but do not resemble the original objects. The soul creates the mental objects which it recalls. The landscape, the odor, the song, are remembered as former experiences. There is a correspondence, but we can make no comparison between a percept or re-percept and a material object. We do not form images of sounds, or odors, or flavors, or textures, or weights, or temperatures.

Sense-perception does not give copies of external

objects. Self interprets the qualities or signs of material objects and groups these into percepts. When recalled, these re-percepts suggest but do not resemble the original objects. By keeping this fact in mind you will. avoid much error and confusion.

2. Remembrances consist of fewer details than the original objects. But these skeletons are better in most cases for thought purposes than the real objects. The mind seizes on the essentials, and is not confused by multitudinous details. In thought and imagination we deal with our revived notions of things.

3. Remembrances ordinarily awaken less intense emotion than experiences. Some are more deeply affected by recollections than others, because of their ability to reproduce more vividly past experiences. Some even intensify memories by thought and imagination, and thus deepen the feelings. But, as a rule, memories create less and less emotion, until we are able to contemplate even the death of a mother with composure.

Attention, Consciousness, and Memory.-Penetrating and prolonged attention gives clear consciousness and good memory. These three activities enter into all distinct mental work. Self, as attention, concentrates his efforts; self, as consciousness, perceives himself knowing, feeling, and willing; self, as memory, reproduces without change his past acquisitions. We are conscious of what is passing around us and within us when we give attention. We remember only those things of which we have been conscious. Slight attention, dim consciousness, and faulty memory go together. The more complete the attention the more distinct will be the consciousness and the more tenacious will be the memory.

LAWS OF MEMORY.

A law is a uniform way in which an energy acts. The uniform ways in which the soul acts in recalling past acquisitions are called the laws of memory. It is not an accident that I remember this and not that. Law reigns in the world of mind. Three memory-laws are well recognized: the law of the brain, the law of acquisition, and the law of suggestion.

I. Law of the Brain. Memory depends on the condition of the brain. When my brain is in good condition, I remember readily; but when tired out, or suffering from a severe attack of sick-headache, I recollect with difficulty and very imperfectly. The Rev. John Applegate received a blow which indented a small portion of his skull. For a year the past was blotted out, but, as soon as the indented portion of the skull was removed, he remembered as he did before receiving the injury. Each one can verify this law by his own experience and observation. However explained, we can not deny the fact that good digestion favors good memory.

1. Vigorous health is the first requirement of the law of the brain. As a rule, the cerebrum, the immediate organism through which the mind acts, is a fit instrument for mental activity in the ratio of physical vigor. It is certain that good memory and good health are closely related. Other things being equal, the better your physical condition, the better will be your memory.

2. Frequent change is the second requirement of the law of the brain. Different mental acts call into activity different ganglionic areas. The study of physical science calls into activity some portions of the cerebrum, while mathematics, literature, and art call into activity other parts. A profound physiological and psychical law underlies the practice of all schools, from the primary to the university,