as phantasy, weaves the materials into grotesque and fantastic groups called phantasms. At the time these seem to us objective realities. They often seem so real that we are surprised to find them phantoms of our brains.

Acts of Phantasy Analyzed.-We are conscious of the acts of self as phantasy. phantasy. We are able to recall and examine some of these acts. Nothing is more common than dream-telling. Let us examine a day-dream. I was resting in my easy-chair. I ceased all intentional effort, and my senses ceased to bring me messages from the outer world. I drift into revery-land. "A beautiful flower-garden surrounds me. A sparkling fountain Floating on the little lake are three swans. A bevy of lovely girls, seated in a boat, cheer me with laughter and song. One"-the door-bell aroused me, and the scene vanished. At the time all seemed real. When aroused, I knew that the picture was the work of phantasy. Relate a day-dream and also a night-dream. Show the work of phantasy.

is near me.

Office of Phantasy.-Phantasy is the power to weave our experiences into phantasms.

1. Self, as phantasy, aggregates his experiences. In this form of representation self, as memory, merely recalls without recognizing experiences. Phantasy conjoins experiences, immediate and revived. The material is not analyzed; it is merely joined together, or aggregated. Phantasy represents experiences in new forms.

2. Phantasy gives hints to memory, imagination, and thought. In discerning class-notions, the vague, shadowy phantasm dimly outlines the concept. We see three-sidedness, but the corners are blurred. We see

the soldier, but shadows conceal his uniform and armor. Hints of phantasy doubtless help imagination to some of its grandest achievements. Phantasıns often suggest realities.

3. Phantasy is the safety-valve of the soul. Death of brain-fiber follows each thought, emotion, and purpose. A few hours of vigorous study exhaust the working brain. The soul is ceaselessly active. Phantasy, we infer, acts through brain-areas not exhausted by intentional activity. While the working brain recuperates, the soul amuses itself with vivacious picture-groups.

Characteristics of Phantasy.-We study the phenomena of mental action in revery and dreams. We discover a new world called dream-land. We find that the soul is endowed with the capability to produce phantasms.

1. Phantasy is undirected representation. To give the weary brain rest, self, ceasing to acquire and direct, drifts off into the land of shadows. Spontaneously the mind forms grotesque and shadowy panoramas. Self, as phantasy, is a kaleidoscope.

2. Phantasy is lawless representation. The real world disappears and the shadowy world seems the real world. The soul feels joy or sorrow in view of these phantasms. The laws of time and place and sequence are ignored. The sea is crossed in a moment. castles are as warm as summer bowers.

Snow

3. Phantasy is self-drifting. We seem to be spectators. We see ourselves sicken and die. We attend our own funerals. We do not usually remember our dreams because we do not consciously connect the waking and the shadowy worlds. Self, as phantasy,

drifts, scribbles. The record is indistinct, for there is little or no attention. These phantasms are not worth preserving. They do not connect with our waking activities. They fade away like the morning mists. It is well.

4. Phantasy pleases and refreshes. It is the play faculty of the soul. When we are at peace with our stomachs, ourselves, our neighbors, and our Creator, we have refreshing sleep and pleasant dreams.

Phantasy Defined.-As phantasy, self blends the objective and subjective. The soul drifts. Without effort and without intention it links fancy unto fancy. During revery and sleep our phantasms seem to us to be objec tive realities. The products of phantasy are concrete, and have in all cases a material basis. Our phantasms are limited to our experiences. The phantasms of the blind are colorless; those of the deaf, soundless.

1. Phantasy is the capability of self to represent spontaneously his experiences in new forms called phantasms. A phantasm is a crude picture-group which seems to be an objective reality. At the time we are conscious of our phantasms, but not of self making them out of his revived experiences. As phantasy is the dominant activity in dreams and revery, this form of representation is called phantasy.

2. Original. Give your definition of this power. Try to sharply distinguish memory and phantasy.

3. Various Definitions.-PORTER: Phantasy is the power to bring before the mind images severed from all relations. SCHUYLER: Phantasy is the power to produce a series of images of which it is itself a spectator. HOPKINS: The soul as phantasy is the spontaneous source of reveries and dreams. WHITE: Phantasy is the power to spontaneously make phantasms which seem realities.

Relations of Phantasy to the other Faculties.-The psychologist ventures modestly here. The phantomworld is the real wonder-land. Many problems remain unsolved.

1. Phantasy and memory. Self, as memory, revives his experiences; self, as phantasy, weaves these experiences into new forms called phantasms. In dreamland we recognize former dreams as ours, but recognition of our waking activities is wanting. Phantasms are designed for temporary amusement, and it is not the business of memory to retain them.

2. Phantasy and the emotions. The sleeping child laughs or weeps. The criminal undergoes the agonies of execution in his dreams. Phantasms stir the emotions only less than the realities. "I felt glad when I awoke and found it all a dream."

3. Phantasy and will. During revery and dreams, the soul, as will, is ordinarily almost passive. The activity of phantasy is unintentional and undirected. The absence of attention accounts largely for our inability to recall phantasms.

4. Phantasy and the thinking faculties. In revery and dreams, fortunately, the thought-element is deficient. The exhausted thought-ganglia need rest. Phantasy sometimes aids thought by vaguely picturing concepts, judgments, and arguments, and thought is sometimes abnormally active during disturbed sleep.

5. Phantasy and imagination. Phantasy is slightly active during our waking hours, and its imagery constantly furnishes hints to imagination and thought. Imagination is more or less active during sleep, and sometimes develops phantasms into ideals.

These are general statements. In fact, the soul in all its powers may be active in some degree during sleep. The character of our phantasms depends largely on the relative activity of our various capabilities. When reason is active, our phantasms become debates. When will is active, our phantasms become actions. When emotion is active, our phantasms become love

scenes.

Phantasy in Dreams. It is certain that nutrition of brain and nerves is at its maximum during sound sleep. The dead tissue caused by mental effort is removed and replaced by living tissue. Retarded cerebral circulation renders the brain unfit for thought purposes. Self ceases from volitional activity. The body reposes and recuperates. This is sleep. With awe and doubt the psychologist attempts to explore dream-land. He finds amid much uncertainty some well-established truths:

1. Self never ceases to act. During sleep the activity is almost purely automatic. Because of its evident activity in dreams, because there are no indications of dreamless sleep, and because we never find it inactive, we infer the continued activity of the soul during the profoundest slumber.

2. Self is not conscious that dreams are psychical acts. Dreamland seems to be real land. We are conscious of dream phenomena, but are not conscious at the time that our dreams are creations of the mind. To this statement there are apparent exceptions. In profound sleep dreams are not usually remembered, but is not the soul conscious at the time of the passing phantasms?

3. Self, as will, acts feebly, if at all, in sleep. The soul floats in the mists of dream-land. No attention, no directed effort, no voluntary action disturbs deep sleep.

4. Self, as thought, is quiescent. In disturbed sleep, the thinking faculties may be more or less active, and sometimes are very active. We even solve problems that we could not solve while awake. The