The number of vessels which entered inwards in 1883 was 802, of 930,928 tons, and coastwise 1,333, of 2,059,349 tons; the number cleared outwards was 794, of 922,164 tons, and coastwise 1,321, of 2,047,094 tons.

There were, at the end of 1875, in the colony 1,111,713 head of cattle, 10,976,663 sheep, and 3,065,202 goats. The sheep-farms of the colony are often of very great extent, comprising from 3,000 to 15,000 acres, and upwards: those in tillage are comparatively small. The graziers are, for the most part, proprietors of the farms which they occupy. At the date of the last census the total number of holdings in the colony was 16,166, comprising 83,900,000 acres; of these 10,766, comprising upwards of 60 million acres, were held on quit-rent.

The amount of land granted up to 1883 was 56,582,710 acres, and sold 26,580,987 acres.

The total area under cultivation in 1875 was 580,000 acres; the chief crops being wheat, oats, maize, rye, and barley. Vines occupied 18,000 acres, and yielded 4,484,665 gallons of wine.

There were lines of Government railway of a total length of 1,213 miles in the colony on January 1, 1884. The lines open for traffic at this date belonged to three systems-the Western, from Cape Town; the Midland, starting from Port Elizabeth (these systems now meet), and the Eastern system, from East London.

The capital expended on railways to the end of 1883 has been 10,487,4177. The gross earnings in 1883 were 915,2741., and expenses 649,4491., giving a net revenue of 265,7251.

The number of postal receptacles in the colony at the end of 1883 was 684; the revenue in 1883 amounting to 111,516l., and the expenditure to 235,2001. The total number of letters posted in 1883 was 6,561,279, newspapers 3,984,294.

The telegraphs in the colony comprised 4,031 miles of line, with 209 offices, at the end of 1883. The number of messages sent was 679,588 in 1883. The telegraphs were constructed entirely at the expense of the Government. The revenue in 1883 was 51,7981., and expenditure 53,0321.

Agent-General of Cape Colony in Great Britain.-Captain Mills, C.M.G., appointed 1882.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

MONEY.

The coins in circulation within the colony are exclusively British. All accounts are kept in pounds, shillings, and pence.

Y Y

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The standard weights and measures are British, with the exception of the land measure.

The general surface measure is the old Amsterdam Morgen, reckoned equal to 2.11654 acres. Some difference of opinion existed formerly as to the exact equivalents of the shortest land measure, the foot, but it was in 1858 officially settled that 1,000 Cape feet were equal to 1,033 British Imperial feet.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning the Cape Colony.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Bechuanaland. Commission and Instructions to Major-General Sir Charles Warren, K.C.M.G., as Special Commissioner to Bechuanaland. London, 1884. Cape of Good Hope Blue-book for 1883. Capetown, 1884.

Census of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, taken on the night of Sunday, March 7, 1875. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of the Governor. 4. Capetown, 1877.

Educational Statistics to illustrate the progress of the aided school system. Cape Town, 1884.

Financial Statement for 1884-5. Cape Town, 1884.

Green (Prof. A. H.), Report on the Coals of Cape Colony. London, 1883. Postmaster-General's Report for 1883. Cape Town, 1884.

Railway Report for 1883. Cape Town, 1884.

Report of the Commandant-General of the Colonial Forces, 1883. Cape Town, 1884.

Reports of the Inspectors of Diamond Mines for the year 1883. Cape Town, 1884.

Report of Select Committee on Colonial Agriculture and Industries. Cape Town, 1883.

Report of the Superintendent-General of Education, 1883. Cape Town, 1884. Statistical Abstract for the several Colonies and other Possessions of the United Kingdom. No. XX. 8. London, 1884.

Trade of the Cape of Good Hope with the United Kingdom; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1883.' Imp. 4. London, 1884.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Anderson (C. J.), Notes of Travel in South Africa. Edited by L. Lloyd. 8. London, 1875.

Chase (Hon. John Centlivres) and Wilmot (A.), History of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope. 8. London, 1870.

Cape of Good Hope General Directory and Guide Book, 1883. Cape Town, 1883.

Chesson (F. W.), The Dutch Republics of South Africa. 8. London, 1871. Fritsch (Dr. Gust.), Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika's ethnographisch und anatomisch beschrieben. 4. Breslau, 1872.

Hall (H.), Manual of South African Geography. 2nd ed. 8. Cape Town, 1866.
Holub (Dr. Emil), Seven Years in South Africa. London, 1881.
Johnston (Keith), Africa. London, 1878.

Meidinger (H.), Die südafrikanischen Colonien Englands, und die Freistaater..
der holländischen Boeren in ihren jetzigen Zuständen. 8. Frankfurt, 1861.
Noble (John), South Africa, Past and Present. Cape Town, 1878.
Noble (John), The Cape and South Africa. Cape Town, 1878.

Silver (S. W.), Handbook to South Africa, including the Cape Colony, Natal, the Diamond Fields, &c. 8. London, 1880.

Silver (S. W.), Handbook to the Transvaal. 8. London, 1877.
Statham (F. R.), Blacks, Boers, and British. London, 1881.

Theal (G. M.), South African History and Geography. London, 1878.
Trollope (Anthony), South Africa. 2 vols. 8. London, 1878.

Wilmot (G.), An historical and descriptive account of the Colony of the Cape

of Good Hope. 8. London, 1863.

EGYPT.

(KEMI. MISR.)

Reigning Khedive.

Mohamed Tewfik, born Nov. 19, 1852; the son of Ismail I.; sue. ceeded to the throne, on the abdication of his father, June 26, 1879. Married, Jan. 18, 1873, to Princess Emineh, daughter of El Hamy Pasha. Offspring of the union are two sons, Abbas, born July 14, 1874, and Mehemet Ali, born in 1876, and two daughters, KadshatHanem, born in 1879, and Nimet-Hanem, born in 1881.

The present sovereign of Egypt is the sixth ruler of the dynasty of Mehemet Ali, appointed Governor of Egypt in 1806, who made himself, in 1811, absolute master of the country by force of arms. The position of his father and predecessor, Ismail I.-forced to abdicate, under pressure of the British and French governments, in 1879-was recognised by the Imperial Hatti-Sheriff of February 13, 1841, issued under the guarantee of the five great European Powers, which established the hereditary succession to the throne of Egypt, under the same rules and regulations as those to the throne of Turkey. The title given to Mehemet Ali and his immediate successors was the Turkish one of ' Vali,' or Viceroy; but this was changed by an Imperial firman of May 21, 1866, into the Persian-Arabic of Khidîv-el-Misr,' or King of Egypt, or, as more commonly called, Khedive. By the same firman of May 27, 1866, obtained on the condition of the sovereign of Egypt raising his annual tribute to the Sultan's civil list from 376,000l. to 720,000l., the succession to the throne of Egypt was made direct, from father to son, instead of descending, after the Turkish law, to the eldest heir. By a last firman, issued June 8, 1873, the Sultan granted to Ismail I. the hitherto withheld rights of concluding treaties with foreign powers, and of maintaining armies. The predecessors of the present ruler of Egypt were :—

The present Khedive of Egypt has an annual allowance of 90,0007.; his father of 40,000l., with 175,000l. more for other indirect members of the family.

Constitution, Government, and Army.

The administration of Egypt is now (January 1885), carried on by native Ministers, subject to the ruling of the Khedive, and under the supervision of England. From 1879 to 1883 two Controllers-General, appointed by France and England, had considerable powers in the direction of the affairs of the country (Khedivial Decree, November 10, 1879). In the summer of 1882, in consequence of a military rebellion-the object of which was supposed to be the abolition by violent means of the Control, and the removal of foreigners generally from positions of influence held by them in Egypt-England intervened, subdued the rising, and restored the authority of the Khedive. In this intervention England was not joined by France, and as a result, on January 18, 1883, the Khedive signed a Decree abolishing the joint control of England and France. In the place of the Control the Khedive, on the recommendation of England, appointed a single European financial adviser, with a consultative voice in the Council of Ministers, and with no power to interfere in matters of internal administration.

The Egyptian Ministry is at present composed of five members, among whom the departmental work is distributed as follows:-1, President Foreign Affairs and Justice; 2, Finance; 3, War, Marine, and Interior; 4, Public Works; 5, Education.

On May 1, 1883, an Organic Law was promulgated by the Khedive creating provincial councils, consisting of members chosen on the principle of universal suffrage by indirect election, to vote extraordinary contributions for local purposes and give advice on local matters; and a Legislative Council of 30 members, 16 of whom are to be chosen on the same principle, and 14 appointed by the Khedive. The function of this Council, whose meetings are not public, are to consider petitions addressed to the Khedive, and to give their views on the budget and other matters, these views being accepted or rejected on the advice of the Council of Ministers, who must give reasons for rejection. It is to be summoned on the 1st of February, April, June, August, October, and December, or at other times, if the Khedive desires it. The delegated members are elected for six years. The Organic Law also creates a General Assembly, consisting of the Ministers, the members of the Legislative Council, and 46 delegate notables chosen by indirect election for certain towns and districts for six years. The Assembly must be convoked every two years at least. Its functions are to vote