to the Native Government in March 1881. Oudh was joined to the North-West Provinces January 1877.

Besides the provinces of India under direct British administration, there are, more or less under the control of the Indian Government, a number of feudatory, or Native States, covering an extent of 509,284 English square miles, with 55,150,456 inhabitants. They are:

The average density of the Native States is 108 per square mile; the average of all India 184. The density varies from 441 per square mile in Cochin (Madras Native State), and 403 in N.W. Provinces and Oudh, to 79 in Rajuputana, and 43 in Burma.

In a sense, the whole of India is under the Governor-General, as has been pointed out, pp. 753-5. Some of the divisions in the table are not administrative, as Behar under Bengal, while the Plain and Hill Districts under Assam are only geographical divisions. Indian authorities are not agreed among themselves as to the exact distinction between British and feudatory states, and between feudatory and non-feudatory states. Some authorities include Manipore (7,854 square miles, and 150,000 inhabitants) among the feudatory states, and also Cashmere, which stands at the head of the list in the Punjab Administrative Report; it is estimated to have 70,000 square miles, and a population of 1,000,000. The Khaiber Pass is not strictly a part of the Punjab. The Lieutenant-Governor of Oudh is at the same time Chief Commissioner of the N.W. Provinces, the two divisions being in some respects administratively distinct.

Of the population on British territory in 1881, 101,292,049 were males, and 97,498,349 were females, there being thus only 96 females to every hundred males, reversing the conditions found to prevail in Europe and America. Of the population of the Native

States, 28,684,722 were males and 26,465,734 females, being c about 92 females per 100 males.

The total number of emigrants from India in 1883 was 12,811 of whom 9,854 went to British colonies, 2,535 to French colonis and 422 to Dutch colonies.

In the census results the total population of India is divided in 110 groups on the basis of language, but these include foreigner such as English and other Europeans, even Scotch and Welsh beg classed as separate groups. But even the different native language do not denote separate ethnical groups, many of them being on dialects, and all of them capable of classification into a few groups The pure Aryan element is almost confined to the caste of the Brahmins, numbering not more than ten millions. The leading languages and dialects, with the numbers who speak them, are a follows:-Hindustani, 82,497,168; Bengali, 38,965,428; Telugu 17,020,358; Mahratti, 17,044,634; Punjabi, 15,754,793; Tami 13,068,279; Guzarati, 9,620,688; Canarese, 8,337,027; Ooriya 6,819,112; Malayalam, 4,848,400; Sindhi, 3,718,961; Burmese. 2,611,467; Hindi, 1,880,777; Assamese, 1,361,750; Kol, 1,140,489: Sonthali, 1,130,509; Gondi, 1,079,565; Pushtu and Afghani, 915,714; Karen, 553,848.

Of the total population in India under British rule or suzerainty, 69,952,817 (including about 19 million females, or more than onefourth) are connected with agriculture. Next to this class come 'workers' in all kinds of materials, or small manufacturers and their employers, numbering about 20 millions, of whom nearly onehalf are females. Of this last class, the largest section, 2,607,579 males and 2,877,876 females, are connected with work in cotton and flax; 2,082,191 males and 733,089 females are connected with work in dress; 1,445,916 males and 1,719,513 females are classed as workers in vegetable food; 640,521 males and 449,205 females, workers in animal food; 789,699 males and 204,331 females, connected with drinks and stimulants; 667,286 males and 354,721 females, workers in stone and clay; 569,128 males and 259,839 females, workers in earthenware; 459,157 males and 13,799 females, workers in gold, silver, and precious stones; 454,555 males and 18,806 females, workers in iron and steel; 406,357 males and 277,375 females, workers in bamboo, cane, rush, straw and leaves. Altogether, there are 47 different classes of workers, the numbers evidently including the children. Classed as domestic servants are 2,149,629 males and 651,966 females. Officials of various kinds, 791,379 males; connected with the army, 311,070 males; clergymen, priests, temple officers, 611,164 males; mercantile men, 983,869; general dealers, 886,148 males; carriers on roads, canals, and rivers, 958,000 males; labourers (undefined), 7,248,491 males and 5,244,206 females.

Of the Christians, 893,656 are natives, 62,084 Eurasians, 764,165 others and unspecified,' 83,330 British, 59,280 other Europeans. Of the total number 963,059 are returned as Roman Catholics, 304,410 Syrian Christians, 215,126 Protestant,' besides 138,587 Church of England, 20,034 Presbyterian, 90,100 Baptist, the remainder belonging to various Protestant sects.

The British-born population in India, exclusive of the army (for number of which see p. 764), amounted, according to the census of 1871, to 64,061 persons, and in 1881 to 89,798. In 1881 there were 77,188 males and 12,610 females.

In 1881 the British-born population was distributed as follows:N. W. Provs, and

Central India
Hyderabad

4,674

Rajputana .

168

2,956

Coorg

134

. 18,767

. 12,608

Ajmere

10,583 Assam

687

6,330 5,892

Of this population the majority, 72,382, were between the ages of 20 and 40. Of the total British-born male population 55,808 were returned as connected with the army, 2,996 with the Civil service, 2,448 sailors of various grades, 2,319 connected with railways, 886 with commerce, 806 with the navy, 461 civil engineers, 541 agriculturists, 280 coffee planters, 178 missionaries, 321 surgeons and physicians.

The number of criminal cases tried in 1882 was 1,223,104; number of persons convicted, 642,233; of whom 479,229 were simply fined. Of the remainder, 417 were tenced to death; 1,157 to transportation; 154,437 to imprisonment; 16,889 to whipping. This last form of punishment has greatly decreased recently; the number sentenced to whipping in 1877 was 72,815, in the same year the total number of persons convicted was 759,161. The total number of persons in prison at the end of the year 1882 was 93,733; in 1877 it was 133,538. The total number of police of all kinds at the end of 1882 was 145,421, and the total cost on that head was 2,378,1437.

There are in India 60 towns with over 50,000 inhabitants, as follows, according to the results of the census of 1881.

Education throughout the whole of India has made great progress in recent years. Schools for teaching English have been by degrees established in every district, while public instruction has been created into a department in every province, under a director, with a staff of inspectors. A network of schools has been established over the country, graduated from the indigenous village institutions up to the highest colleges. All receive some measure of pecuniary support granted under the guarantee of regular inspection. Below the universities are colleges of various kinds for higher education, some entirely supported by government, and others, comprising missionary institutions, receiving grants in aid. Under them again are high schools, one at the head-quarters station of every district, and below them the middle schools of the smaller towns and larger villages. Last of all come the primary schools, including special schools for girls, of various grades of efficiency, scattered all over the country. The following are the statistics of the various classes of schools for 1883 :