Rhamneæ. Rhámnus cathárticus mas, c. fœm., deciduous shrubs, from 10 ft. to 15 ft. high; Frángula, a deciduous shrub retaining its leaves late, 5 ft. high. Leguminosa. Cytisus scoparius, an evergreen shrub, of 5 ft.; Genísta tinctòria, an evergreen under-shrub, of 18 inches; G. pilòsa, a prostrate evergreen shrub; G. ánglica, a prostrate deciduous shrub; U'lex europæ'a, an evergreen shrub, of 5 ft.; U. nana, an evergreen shrub, of 2 ft.; U. stricta, and U.e.fl. plèno. Rosacea. Rosa cinnamòmea qu., rubélla, spinosíssima, involuta, Doniana, grácilis, Sabini, villòsa, tomentòsa, Sherardi, rubiginosa, micrántha, Bórreri, cæ'sia, sarmentàcea, bractescens, dumetòrum, Forsteri, hibérnica, canìna, and sýstyla, all deciduous shrubs, from 3 ft. to 5 ft.; and R. arvénsis, a deciduous trailing shrub; Rùbus fruticòsus, plicàtus, rhamnifòlius, leucóstachys, glandulòsus, nítidus, affinis, and corylifòlius, all evergreen trailers; R. cæ'sius, a deciduous trailer; and R. suberéctus and idæ'us, deciduous under-shrubs, of 3 ft. Some more species, or reputed species, might be added to the evergreen trailers, from Dr. Lindley's Synopsis and our Hortus Britannicus. Potentílla fruticosa, a deciduous shrub, above 3 ft.; Cómarum palustre, a prostrate deciduous under-shrub, of 1 ft.; Spiræ'a salicifòlia qu., a deciduous under-shrub of 3 ft. Pomacea. Pyrus communis, Màlus, torminàlis, doméstica, aucupària, and pinnatifida, all deciduous trees, of between 20 ft. and 30 ft.; and P. Aria, and Aria intermèdia, deciduous trees, between 30 ft. and 40 ft.; Cratæ'gus Oxyacántha, and Méspilus germánica qu., deciduous trees, between 15 ft. and 20 ft.; and Cotoneaster vulgàris, a deciduous shrub, 4 ft. high. Amygdaleæ. Cérasus Pàdus and àvium, and Prùnus doméstica qu., deciduous trees between 20 ft. and 30 ft.; P. insitítia and spinosa, deciduous shrubs or very low trees, of 10 ft. or 15 ft. Tamariscineæ. Támarix gállica qu., an evergreen shrub, between 5 ft. and 10 ft. high. Grossulacea. Ribes rubrum, petræ'um, alpinum mas, a. fœm., nigrum, Grossulària qu., and U'va crispa qu., all deciduous under-shrubs, from 1 ft. to 3 ft. in a wild state. Araliacea. Hédera Hèlix, a prostrate and clinging evergreen shrub. Caprifoliacea. Caprifolium itálicum qu., and Periclýmenum, deciduous twiners; Lonicera Xylósteum qu., a deciduous shrub, 10 ft. high; Sambucus nigra, a deciduous tree, 15 ft. or 20 ft. high; Vibúrnum Opulus and Lantana, deciduous shrubs or very low trees, from 10 ft. to 15 ft. high. Córnea. Córnus sanguínea, a deciduous shrub or very low tree, from 10 ft. to 15 ft. high. Loranthacea. Viscum álbum mas., a. fœm., evergreen para sites. Vaccinièæ. Vaccinium Myrtillus and uliginòsum, deciduous shrubs, 1 ft. high; and Vitis idæ'a, an evergreen shrub, under a foot high; Oxycoccus vulgaris, a prostrate evergreen shrub. Ericaceae. Calluna vulgaris, a prostrate evergreen shrub. about a foot in height; Erica Tétralix cinèrea, ciliàris, mediterránea, Mackaidna, and vàgans, and Daboe'cia poliifòlia, D. p. álba, and cærulea, and Andrómeda poliifòlia, evergreen shrubs, under a foot high; Arbutus Unedo qu., an evergreen shrub, 15 ft. high; Arctostaphylos U'va úrsi, a prostrate evergreen shrub, and alpina, a prostrate deciduous shrub; and Chamælèdon procumbens, a prostrate evergreen shrub. Oleaceae. Ligustrum vulgare, a deciduous shrub, 6 ft. high; Fráxinus excélsior, a deciduous tree, 80 ft. high; heterophylla, a deciduous tree, 30 ft. high. Apocyneæ. Vinca minor qu., an evergreen prostrate shrub. Solanea. Solanum Dulcamara, a deciduous trailer. Chenopodea. Chenopodium fruticosum, an evergreen shrub, between 3 ft. and 4 ft. high; A'triplex portulacöìdes, a prostrate evergreen shrub, under a foot in height. Thymela'a. Dáphne Laurèola, an evergreen shrub, 2 ft.; Mezèreum qu., a deciduous shrub, 3 ft. Elæágnea. Hippophae rhamnöìdes mas, rh. fœm., deciduous shrubs or very low trees, 15 ft. Euphorbiaceæ. Euphorbia Charàcias qu., and amygdalöìdes, evergreen fruticulose shrubs, 2 ft. high; and Búxus sempervirens qu., an evergreen tree, from 8 ft. to 20 ft. high. Ulmacea. Ulmus campestris qu., a deciduous tree, of 80 ft. ; U. suberòsa qu., major qu., and montàna, deciduous trees, of 40 ft.; and U. glabra qu., a deciduous tree, of 60 ft. Cupulifera. Quércus Ròbur and sessiliflòra, deciduous trees, of 80 ft.; Castanea vésca qu., a deciduous tree, of 60 ft.; Fagus sylvática, a deciduous tree, of 70 ft.; Córylus Avellana, a deciduous shrub, of 10 ft.; and Cárpinus Bétulus, a deciduous tree, of 35 ft. Betulineæ. Bétula álba, a deciduous tree, of 40 ft. ; and B. nana, a deciduous under-shrub, of 2 ft. Salicineæ. Salix frágilis mas and frágilis fœmina, Russelliana mas, Russell. fœm., álba mas, a. fœm., álba var. cærùlea mas, a. c. fœm., deciduous trees, of 40 ft. high; S. triándra mas, t. fœm., lanceolata mas, 1. fœm., pentándra mas, p. fœm., petiolaris mas, p. fœm., vitellina mas, v. fœm., decípiens mas, d. fœm., rùbra mas, r. fœm., cinèrea mas, c. fœm., oleæfòlia mas, o. fœm., hírta mas, h. foem., càprea mas, c. fœm., acuminata mas, a. fœem., and viminalis mas, v. fœm., all deciduous trees, 20 ft. or 25 ft. high; Hoffmanniana mas, H. fœm., amygdalina mas, a. fœem., nigricans mas, n. fœm., Borreriana mas, B. fœm., nìtens mas, n. fœm., Davalliana mas, D. fœm., Wulfeniana mas, W. fœm., tétrapla mas, t. fœm., bicolor mas, b. fœm., tenuifòlia mas, t. foem., malifòlia mas, m. fœm., purpùrea mas, p. foem., Hèlix mas, H. fœm., Lambertiàna mas, L. foem., Forbyàna mas., F. fœm., Croweàna mas, C. fœm., prunifòlia mas, p. fœm., venulòsa mas., v. fœm., carinata mas, c. foem., Stuartiàna mas, S. foem., arenària mas, a. foem., lanàta mas, 1. fœm., argéntea mas, a. foem., Doniàna mas, D. fœm., aurita mas, a. foem., aquática mas, a. fœm., cotinifòlia mas, c. fœm., rupestris mas, r. fœm., Andersoniana mas, A. fœm., Forsteriana mas, F. fœm., sphacelàta mas, s. fœm., Smithiàna mas, S. fœm., and stipulàris mas, s. foem., all deciduous shrubs, from 3 ft. to 15ft. high; phylicæfòlia mas, p. fœm., vacciniifòlia mas, v. fœm., Myrsinites mas, M. fœm., Dicksoniana mas, D. fœm., arbúscula mas, a. fœm., lívida mas, 1. fœm., glaúca mas, g. fœm., fúsca mas, f. foem., incubàcea mas, i. fœm., and rosmarinifòlia mas, r. fœm., all deciduous, from 1 ft. to 3 ft. high; herbacea mas, h. foem., reticulata mas, r. foem., fœe'tida mas, f. fœm., rèpens mas, r. fœm., and prostrata mas, p. fœm., prostrate deciduous shrubs, under a foot in height. Nearly the whole grow in moist ground. Pópulus álba qu. mas, a. fœm., trémula mas, t. foem., nigra mas, n. foem.; and canéscens mas, c. fœm., deciduous trees, from 40 ft. to 60 ft. high. Myricea. Myrica Gàle mas, G. fœm., deciduous shrubs, 2 ft. high. Conifera. Pinus sylvéstris, an evergreen tree, from 60 ft. to 80 ft. high; Táxus baccata mas, b. foem., and var. hibérnica, evergreen trees, 20 ft. to 30 ft. high; Juniperus communis mas, c. fœm., evergreen shrubs, from 5 ft. to 7 ft. high; nàna mas, n. fœm., prostrate evergreen shrubs. Empétrea. Empetrum nigrum mas, n. fœm., evergreen prostrate shrubs. Smilàceæ. Rúscus aculeatus mas, a. fœm., and var. láxus, evergreen shrubs, from 1 ft. to 2 ft. high. In estimating the heights of these trees and shrubs, we have supposed them to be growing in their natural and ordinary habitats. Under culture, or even in a wild state under favourable circumstances, many of them would grow higher, particularly the roses, the willows, and the fruticulose plants. The number of the latter might have been increased, by adding the carnation, the pink, &c., which, even as indigenous plants, are certainly as much fruticulose as Euphorbia Characias, or E. amygdalöides. The above enumeration includes 71 genera, and about 200 species, nearly 100 of which are willows, roses, and brambles; and these species are comprised in 37 groups or natural orders. In greater detail, they are: 27 deciduous trees, from 30 ft. to 60 ft. in height. 28 deciduous trees, from 15 ft. to 30 ft. in height. 1 evergreen tree, from 60 ft. to 80 ft., the Scotch pine. 3 evergreen trees, from 15 ft. to 30 ft., the box, the yew, and the holly. 65 deciduous shrubs, and very low trees, from 5 ft. to 18 ft.; including 21 roses and 32 willows. 26 deciduous shrubs, from 1 ft. to 5 ft.; including 6 roses and 10 willows. 5 evergreen shrubs, from 5 ft. to 15 ft. 1 deciduous climber, the clematis. 3 deciduous trailers; the Ròsa arvensis, the Solànum Dulcamara, and the Rùbus cæ`sius. 13 evergreen shrubs, or fruticulose plants, from 6 in. to, 1 ft. in height; such as the Vaccínium Vitis idæ`a, the ericas, Andrómeda poliifòlia, &c. 10 deciduous shrubs, or fruticulose plants, from 3 in. to 1 ft. in height; such as Cómarum palústre, Vaccínium Myrtillus, Salix reticulata, prostrata, &c. SECT. II. Of the Foreign Trees and Shrubs introduced into the British Isles. If wild plants are said to follow those animals to which they supply food, cultivated plants are the followers of man in a state of civilisation. In all cases of taking possession of a new country, the first step of the settlers has been to introduce those vegetables which, in their own country, they knew to be the most productive of human food; because the natural resource of man for subsistence is the ground. In all temperate climates, the plants of necessity may be considered to be the cereal grasses and the edible roots. Trees, with the exception of such as bear edible fruit, are not introduced till a considerable period afterwards; because all new and uncivilised countries abound in forests of timber. It can only be when this timber becomes scarce, or when wealth and taste have increased to such an extent as to create a desire for new trees as objects of curiosity, that the practice takes place of cultivating indigenous trees, or of introducing new ones. Hence we find that, in England, all the timber required for the purposes of construction and fuel was obtained from the native forests and copses, till about the time of Henry VIII. In this reign and the next, Holinshed informs us that plantations of trees began to be made for purposes of utility; and we find, in the same reign, that attention began to be paid to the trees and shrubs of foreign countries, and that some few, even at that early period in the history of D British tree culture, began to be introduced into our gardens, as objects of rarity and value. The ornamental trees, or the trees of curiosity, that would first be introduced into any country after those that recommended themselves by their fruit or their medicinal virtues, would be such as were generally planted about houses and in gardens, or such as bore conspicuous seeds. Hence the cypress, the bay, the box, the elm, the lime, and the plane, as being domestic shrubs and trees; and the chestnut, the ilex, the walnut, and the pine, as being trees with conspicuous seeds, would, we may suppose, be those that were first brought over by the Romans, or by the heads of religious houses, ambassadors, or travellers. In tracing the introduction of foreign trees into this country, from the earliest ages to the present time, we shall first collect such notices as we have been able to obtain of the period from the invasion of the country by the Romans, to the end of the 15th century; and, next, take in succession the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. SUBSECT. 1. Of the Foreign Trees and Shrubs introduced into Britain by the Romans, and during the Middle Ages, to the End of the 15th Century. THERE can be no doubt whatever that the Romans introduced most of our cultivated vegetables and fruits. Some curious proofs of this are occasionally found in the springing up of Italian plants in the neighbourhood of the ruins of Roman villas, where ground, which had long remained in a state of rest, had been turned over in search of antiquities. Though, as far as we know, no trees or shrubs of Italy have sprung up in this manner from dormant seeds; yet there cannot be a doubt but that some of the trees and shrubs of the Romans would be cultivated in the gardens of their governors and generals, most of whom, it is understood, must have been practically acquainted with busbandry. Such trees would not only be interesting to them as reminding them of their native country, but they would serve to decorate and distinguish their residences, and command the admiration of the Roman army and of the natives. We have seen, in the preceding chapter (p. 22.), that most of our fruit trees, and in all probability the plane, chestnut, walnut, lime, elm, and box, were introduced by the Romans. Many trees and shrubs introduced by the Romans, or by the monks of the middle ages, may have been afterwards lost; because this is, sooner or later, the case with all neglected plants that are placed in a climate which will not enable them to ripen their seeds. In the 9th century, during the reign of Charlemagne, some exertions appear to have been made in France for the extension |