creased it, he will dispose of it." (Smith's Cor., vol. i. p. 93.) Gordon commenced his nursery at Mile End in 175-; he disposed of it in 1776, to his sons James and William, and died in 1780. In 1781 we find this nursery in the possession of James Gordon, Thomas Dermer, and Archibald Thompson. James Gordon died in 1794, and Thomas Dermer in 1799, when Archibald Thompson came into possession of the whole. Mr. Thompson died in 1832, and the business is now carried on by his son James. Only a small part of the original ground is now (1835) occupied as a nursery; but in the part that remains there are some fine old specimens. What is believed to be the oldest salisburia in England, the ginkgo tree above alluded to, is 5 ft. 5 in. in circumference at 1 ft. from the ground, and 55 ft. high. There are venerable specimens of magnolias, Laúrus Sassafras, the cork tree and other oaks, the liquidambar both species, ailantus, gymnocladus, and many others, with some of the largest plants of green tea growing in the open air in England. A list of the more remarkable of these trees and shrubs, with their dimensions taken in 1831, will be found in the Gard. Mag. for the following year, vol. viii. p. 250.; and subsequent measurements of several of them taken in January, 1835, will be found in the same magazine, vol. xi.

Of the Hunts of Putney we know little, except that their names appear among the authors of the Catalogue of the trees and shrubs grown in the London nurseries in the year 1730. The nursery at Putney was little known in our time, and the stock was sold off, and the ground advertised to be let for building on, in December, 1834.

James Lee was born at Selkirk in 1715, and, about twenty years afterwards, walked to London. When he was at Lichfield he was seized with the smallpox, and detained there some time. When he recovered, and came to London, he was employed at Syon, and afterwards at Whitton by the Duke of Argyle. About the year 1760 he entered into partnership with Lewis Kennedy, gardener to Lord Bolton, at Chiswick, and commenced a nursery in what was called the Vineyard, at Hammersmith. At the beginning of the last century, this vineyard produced annually a considerable quantity of Burgundy wine. A thatched house was built in the grounds, the upper part occupied as a dwellinghouse and for selling the wine, and underneath were the winecellars. Lee was patronised by the Earl of Islay (afterwards Duke of Argyle), the planter of Whitton, who died in 1761; and other noblemen: he corresponded with Linnæus, and composed an Introduction to Botany, according to his system, published in 1760, which for many years was in the highest repute. He died in the year 1795, at the age of 80 years; his partner, Kennedy, having died previously. The nursery was carried on

by the sons of the two founders, till 1818, when they dissolved partnership. It then became the sole property of James Lee, the second of that name, who died in 1827, leaving it to his family, and it is now (1835) carried on by his son John. For many years this nursery was deservedly considered the first in the world. Besides an extensive correspondence, and a vigilant attention to procure every new plant as soon as it was introduced by others, Messrs. Lee and Kennedy introduced many plants into the country, through collectors whom they had sent abroad, and through foreign botanists. They maintained a collector in America, who sent home several new oaks; and, in partnership with the Empress Josephine, one at the Cape of Good Hope, who sent home many new ericas, ixias, and other Cape plants. They had also a collector in South America, who sent home the Fúchsia coccínea, by which they made a considerable sum of money, selling it for some time at a guinea a plant. They also had the first China rose in 1787, of which they made a large sum. The extent of this nursery has been somewhat curtailed by the approach of London; but it still contains an excellent collection, some fine specimens of magnolias, asiminas, crataguses, Pyrus Sórbus, and other foreign trees and shrubs, and is conducted with the greatest liberality.

The nursery of Messrs. Malcolm and Co. was established about the middle of the century, first at Kennington, and afterwards at Stockwell, and was at one time one of the most extensive in the neighbourhood of London. The ground has long since been built on; but one of the descendants of the family, as before observed, occupies, with other grounds, part of the nursery which was Furber's, at Kensington.

The nurseries of Russells, at Lewisham; of Bassington, at Kingsland; of Cormack, at New Cross; of Ronalds, at Brentford; and a number of others, some of which are now extinct, and others more eminent than before; were all more or less celebrated during the latter part of this century.

The nursery at Hackney was established about the middle of the century by John Busch (in the Hortus Kewensis erroneously spelt Bush), a German gardener, who, entering into the service of the Empress Catherine in 1771, was succeeded in his nursery, in that year, by Conrad Loddiges, also a native of Germany. This nursery soon became celebrated for the introduction and propagation of American trees and shrubs, particularly magnolias, rhododendrons, and azaleas. It will be noticed more at length in the succeeding section.

The botanical and horticultural authors and garden artists of England during this century, who contributed to the spread of a taste for foreign trees and shrubs by their writings and practice, are numerous. We have already mentioned Brown, to whom

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we may add, among artists and authors, Switzer, a seedsman, at "the Flower Pot over-against the Court of Common Pleas in Westminster Hall, or at his garden in Milbank, Westminster," author of Iconographia Rustica, and several other works, and the designer of various gardens both in Britain and Ireland; Bradley, a voluminous author; Batty Langley, an architect at Twickenham, who wrote New Principles of Gardening, &c., and The true Method of improving an Estate by Plantations of Timber Trees, &c.; Dr. John Hill, a voluminous gardening author; Sir William Chambers, who wrote Dissertations on Oriental Gardening; Wheeler, a nurseryman at Gloucester, and author of The Botanist's and Gardener's New Dictionary; Abercrombie, a well known voluminous author; Weston; Speechley; Dr. A. Hunter, the editor of Evelyn's Sylva; Meader, gardener to the Duke of Northumberland; Græfer, gardener to the Earl of Coventry at Croome, and afterwards to the King of Naples at Caserta; and a great number of others. We should have been tempted to submit some notices of these authors and their works, did we not expect a Chronological and Biographical History of them from the accurate and learned pen of William Forsyth, Esq. To this gentleman, who has been for many years collecting information respecting trees and shrubs, we are deeply indebted for many corrections and additions to this chapter, and to our work generally.

In order to give a general summary of the trees and shrubs introduced into Britain during the eighteenth century, we shall divide it into periods of ten years; and give in each the names of some of the principal plants introduced, and those of their introducers, according to the Hortus Kewensis, and to some farther information on the subject, kindly furnished to us by Mr. Forsyth, and Messrs. Loddiges of Hackney.

From 1701 to 1710 inclusive (Queen Anne), four trees and five shrubs were introduced. Among the trees were, Fraxinus lentiscifolia from Aleppo, and Pielea trifoliata from North America, by the Rev. John Banister. Crataegus parvifolia was introduced by Bishop Compton, and Ribes oxyacanthoides by Mr. Reynardson of Hillington. Bignonia capreolàta, a beautiful climber, and Colùtea cruénta, a handsome flowering shrub, were introduced during this period.

From 1711 to 1720 (Anne and Geo. I.), three trees and nine shrubs were introduced: among these were, Pàvia rùbra, by Thos. Fairchild; Pinus Tæ`da, and Ceanothus americànus, by Bishop Compton; Cérasus Mahaleb, from Austria; and Comptònia aspleniifolia, Lýcium àfrum, and Iva frutéscens, by the Duchess of Beaufort.

From 1721 to 1730 (Geo. I. and II.), twenty-two trees and twenty shrubs were introduced. Mark Catesby introduced

Gleditschia monosperma, Catálpa syringafòlia, Calycanthus floridus, Crataegus flàva, and Amórpha fruticòsa. Mr. Moore introduced Fraxinus americàna; Robert Furber, O'strya vulgàris, Pyrus coronària, Plátanus acerifòlia, Quércus álba, Rhús radìcans, and Viburnum lævigàtum. Dr. James Sherard introduced Arbutus Andráchne, Rhús glabra, and Ròsa caroliniàna. Sir Charles Wager introduced Acer dasycarpum; Miller, Clématis críspa, Santolina víridis, and some others, which are recorded as being cultivated in the Chelsea Garden during this period. Among the species introduced or recorded, but without the name of the introducer, are, Cérasus virginiàna, Tilia pubéscens, Alnus oblongata, Carya compréssa, Cércis canadénsis, Quércus gramúntia, Q. sericea, and Q. Prìnus, Pìnus palústris, Euónymus latifolius, Caprifolium gràtum, Rhús élegans, Wistària frutéscens, and a number of others.

From 1731 to 1740 (Geo. II.), twenty-four trees and fortyfive shrubs were introduced. Mr. Stephen Bacon introduced the Clethra alnifolia; Thomas Fairchild, the Córnus flórida; Miller no fewer than thirty species, including Crataegus cordata, Pópulus angulata, Acer monspessulanum, Carpinus orientalis, Céltis Tournefortii, Plátamus cuneata; Quércus Egilops, nìgra, rùbra, and vìrens; Pìnus inops and variábilis; and several others. Collinson, between 1734 and 1739, introduced twentysix species, among which we find Magnòlia acuminata in 1736; the first azaleas that were in the country, namely, Azàlea nudiflòra, viscòsa, and glaúca; Kálmia latifòlia and angustifolia, Andrómeda mariana and racemòsa, Rhododendron máximum, Chionánthus virgínica, Acer sacchárinum, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Nýssa denticulàta, several species of Vibúrnum, and that beautiful tree, Làrix péndula. Sir John Colliton had in cultivation the Magnòlia grandiflora from Carolina in 1734, and the lanceolate-leafed variety in 1737. Dr. James Sherard introduced Menispermum virgínicum; and Dr. Thomas Dale, Philadélphus inodorus.

From 1741 to 1750 (Geo. II.), there were introduced eight trees and twelve shrubs. Sir John Colliton had the Robínia híspida in cultivation before 1743. Dr. Amman introduced the Cytisus austriacus; Richard Bateman, the Acàcia Julibríssin; Christopher Gray of Fulham, the Pyrus angustifolia. Catesby introduced Stuartia virgínica; and Archibald Duke of Argyll, the Pinus Cembra, Gymnocladus canadénsis, Acer montanum, Bétula papyracea and populifòlia, Crataegus punctata and glandulosa, I'tea virgínica, Corylus rostràta, Amelanchier Botryapium, Andrómeda calyculàta, and that curious miniature tree, Dírca palustris.

From 1751 to 1760 (Geo. II.), twenty-seven trees and fortyseven shrubs were introduced. Peter Collinson introduced

Broussonètia papyrífera from Japan in 1751. Father D'Incarville introduced the Ailántus glandulòsa from China, also in 1751; Jas. Gordon of Mile End, the Ulmus americana in 1752: that remarkable tree the Salisbùria adiantifòlia was cultivated by him in 1754; the parent tree, a male, still exists (see p. 78.), and from it, in all probability, originated all the male trees of the same species, not only in Europe, but in North America; he introduced the Sophora japónica in 1753, and the Córnus alternifolia in 1760. Archibald Duke of Argyll introduced the Larix microcarpa and the Smilax rotundifolia in the same year. John Ellis introduced Halèsia tetráptera and díptera in 1756 and 1758; Messrs. Kennedy and Lee, Euonymus atropurpureus; Hugh Duke of Northumberland, Pinus resinòsa; Christopher Gray, Vibúrnum nítidum. The Duke of Bedford cultivated Pinus rígida before 1759; and Pópulus dilatata, the Lombardy poplar, was introduced from Italy by the Earl of Rocheford in 1758. No fewer than fifty articles were introduced or cultivated by Miller during this decade. Among these are, Acer créticum, in 1752, probably the small tree still existing in the Chelsea Garden; A. O'pulus, heterophyllum, and tatáricum; Daphne Cneòrum and póntica, Lonicera tatárica, Magnòlia tripétala, several species of Rhamnus, Thuja occidentalis, Tilia americana, Abies rùbra, Pìnus marítima and several others, Bétula lénta, Pyrus prunifòlia, Cotoneáster tomentòsa, Daphne alpina, Liquidámbar imberbis. Among the trees and shrubs recorded in the period, without the name of the introducer, are, Acer pennsylvánicum, Bérberis canadensis; Cérasus caroliniana, a beautiful sub-evergreen low tree from Carolina, too much neglected in England; Ròsa sínica, Shepherdia canadénsis, Planera Richárdi, and Oxycoccus macrocarpus.

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From 1761 to 1770 (Geo. III.), twelve trees and forty shrubs were introduced. Jas. Gordon introduced, or had in cultivation, Tília álba, Bétula excélsa, Clématis virginiàna, Vibúrnum cassinöides and Lentàgo, Hypéricum alatum, and Euonymus verrucòsus. John Bartram introduced Mitchella rèpens; Busch, Lèdum palustre, Fothergilla alnifòlia, Xanthorhiza apiifòlia; Mr. Bennet, Lèdum latifolium; George William Earl of Coventry, Kölreutèria paniculata from China, Erica austràlis, and Salix retùsa from Italy. John Greening cultivated Pàvia flava; Joseph Brooks, Erica stricta; John Cree, Bumèlia tènax; Dr. Fothergill, Populus heterophýlla; Messrs. Kennedy and Lee, Crataegus ellíptica, pyrifòlia, and that fine tree, Fagus ferruginea. Sir Joseph Banks introduced Rhodòra canadensis in 1767; John Ord, Genísta triquetra; Peter Collinson, Alnus serrulata, and Vaccinium virgatum; Hugh Duke of Northumberland, Pópulus græ'ca and lævigata; and Miller, Sambucus canadensis, Genísta púrgans, and Rùbus hispidus.

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