The proportion of productive land in Austria is greatest in Dalmatia, Silesia, Moravia, Bukowina, Bohemia, and Galicia; least in Salzburg and Tyrol.

The following table shows the average produce of the leading crops in hectolitres per hectare for the ten years (1881–90) for Austria, and 1880-89 for Hungary :

Barley and wine are most largely exported, though in some years considerable quantities of wheat are also exported.

The following table shows the statistics of live stock in 1890 of Austria, and 1884 for Hungary and Croatia :

Austria
Hungary
Croatia

Horses

Cattle

Goats

Sheep Pigs 1,548,197 8,643,936 3,186,787 3,549,700 1,035,832 1,748,859 4,879,038 10,594,831 4,803,639 217,112 712,805 588,638 468,053

270,192 99,424

The total value of the Austrian live stock was estimated at 487 million florins. Both in Austria and Hungary the export of horses, cattle, and sheep far exceeds the imports.

Silk-culture, by the law of 1885, is exclusively in the hands of the Government. In Hungary, in 1892, 76,397 families were engaged in silkculture, as compared with 1,059 in 1879. In 1892 the produce of cocoons was 970,248 kilogrammes, compared with 2,507 kilogrammes in 1879. produce of cocoons in Austria in 1891 was 1,506,524 kilogrammes. There are 105 agricultural institutions in Austria, with 3,016 pupils in 1891; 39 in Hungary, with 1,996 pupils.

The

II. FORESTRY.

The administration of the forests and domains belonging to the State is in the hands of (a) the Administrators of Forests and Domains (the heads of husbandry); (b) the Direction of Forests and Domains; (c) the Ministry of Agriculture. Under the Administration of Domains and Forests is an extensive association of forestry officials, and schools of various grades for practical training in forestry.

The total area under forest in Austria (1890) is 9,782,420 hectares, and of this 6,851,000 hectares are under pines, and 1,417,000 hectares under other trees. In Hungary the total area is 9,183,000 hectares, of which 1,745,500 hectares

The forests are

are under pines, and 4,824,300 hectares under other trees. mostly situated in the Carpathians and the Alps, as also the central mountains of Austria-Hungary. In 1892 the Hungarian exports of timber and forest products amounted to 6,086,000 metric centners, valued at 24,176,000 florins, and the imports to 2,604,000 metric centners, valued at 8,914,000 florins.

III. MINING.

Mines are worked for common coal chiefly in Bohemia, Silesia, Moravia, and Galicia; for brown coal in Bohemia, Styria, Upper Austria, Carniola, and Moravia. Iron ore is worked in Styria, Bohemia, Carinthia, Moravia, and Galicia; silver ore in Bohemia; quicksilver in Carniola; copper ore in Salzburg; lead ore in Styria, Galicia, Bohemia; zinc in Galicia, Carinthia, Tyrol, and Vorarlberg; sulphur in Bohemia, Tyrol, and Vorarlberg; manganese in Styria and Carniola; alum in Bohemia; graphite in Bohemia; petroleum and ozokerit in Galicia; while the largest production of salt is from Galicia, Upper Austria, and the Coast Land.

In mining (including the mines for rock-oil and wax) and metal works there were employed in Austria in 1891, 123,661 persons (110,491 men, 7,280 women, 5,662 juveniles, and 228 children; in smelting works 12,668 persons (11,754 men, 376 women, 535 juveniles, and 3 children); in salt works 10,353 persons (6,929 men, 1,114 women, 1,388 juveniles, and 922 children). In Hungary (1889) there were employed 48,173 persons in mining and smelting works; in salt works, 2,264.

The following table shows the value of the chief mineral and furnace products in thousands of florins:

The total value of mining and furnace products in five years was as follows in Austria in florins:

Mining products, 53,963,781 58,939,809 68,166,825 73,495,532 70,438,556 Furnace. 30,579,407 32,748,497 36,894,804 33,776,439 32,903, 184

The following table shows the quantities and value of the leading minerals and of the furnace products of Austria in 1892 :

In the various manufacturing industries 2,946,068 persons were directly employed at the date of the census of 1880, and of these 2,157,098 were in Austria; including families and dependents those connected with manufacture in Austria numbered 4,710,047, or 21 3 per cent. of the population. In the various manufacturing industries there were in 1885 348 works, employing 30,000 people. The glass industry is of great importance in Bohemia, there being 5,423 works of various kinds with 29,168 workpeople. In the woollen industry, 2,000 industrial establishments are engaged, besides 707 spinning and weaving factories, with 58,500 workpeople. The total spindles in 1885 were 650,835, and of looms 39,367, of which 17,460 were machine looms. The cotton industry occupied 1,900

works-of which 633 were on a large scale-with 96,000 workers, and in 1889 2,350,000 spindles and 42,000 power-looms. There were in 1887

1,962 beer breweries, producing 293 million gallons of beer; the export of beer is ten times the import. There are 147,577 distilleries, mainly for brandy, of which the export greatly exceeds the import. There are 40 manufactories of tobacco in the monarchy, but they do not supply the demand, so that the imports exceed the exports.

Commerce.

The general commerce of the whole monarchy of AustriaHungary, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, comprising imports and exports of merchandise, but not bullion, was as follows, in millions of florins, in the years indicated :

The following tables show the values of the leading articles of import and export in millions of florins :

The value of gold, silver, and bullion exported in 1891 was 11,343,000 florins, the imports being 39,552,000 florins; in 1892 the exports were 17,938,000 florins, and the imports 83,995,000 florins.

In 1891 the imports into Hungary amounted to 502,780,000 florins, and the exports to 545,207,000 florins. In 1892 the imports amounted to 519,384,000 florins, and the exports to 509,659,000 florins. Of cereals, pulse, &c., the imports in 1891 were 16,566,000 florins, and exports, 207,536,000 florins; of cattle, imports 16,692,000 florins, exports 98,010,000 florins; beverages imports 33,149,000 florins, exports 31,957,000 florins; wool and woollen goods, imports 39,958,000 florins, exports 16,889,000 florins; leather and leather goods, imports 24,669,000 florins, exports 5,144,000 florins; clocks, scientific instruments, &c., imports 36,870,000 florins, exports 2,823,000 florins. Of the imports 21 82 per cent. in value were raw material and 78.18 per cent. were manufactured; of the exports 65 57 per cent. in value were raw material and 34 43 per cent. manufactured.

The imports into Hungary from Austria were 427,523,000 florins, or 82.3 per cent.; the exports to Austria were 386,713,000 florins or 75.8 per cent. of the whole. The imports from Germany were 24,659,000 florins, or 47 per cent.; and the exports to Germany were 60,428,000 florins, or 11.8 per cent. of the whole. The imports from Great Britain (mostly cotton goods and tobacco) were 6,478,000 florins, or 12 per cent.; and the exports to Great Britain (mostly flour) were 9,784,000 florins, or 18 per cent. of the whole. Other countries having considerable trade with Hungary are Servia, France, Switzerland, Italy.