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219 NORTH CHERRY ST, NASHVILLE, TENN

MAKE Some good resolutions for the new year, and resolve to keep them, then keep that resolution.

THE best equipped railroad in the South-the N. C. & St. Louis Ry.-will do everything it can to make the teachers meeting at Tullahoma a great success.

THE Cuts used in former numbers of this JOURNAL, as those that may be used in future numbers, are the work of Mr. E. N. Gardner, fhe artist of the Nashville Banner.

LET every Tennessee teacher who can possibly do so make arrangements to attend the meeting of State Teachers' Association at Tullahoma next Summer. It is a delightful town to visit and we are going to have the best meeting in the history of the Association.

WHEN we read the article of Dr. Wilbur F. Tillett on "Southern Womanhood," as published in the November Century we felt that it contained matter that would be used in flings at the South by a certain class of Northern editors. It has been so used, and such use has been promptly and properly rebuked by a Southern woman. The editorial of the Boston Transcript and Miss Conway's reply appear in another column.

THAT report on amendments to the school law, printed on another page, contains more wisdom and less nonsense than we have ever seen in a similar report. That proposition gives the State Superintendent some power is going straight to the weakest part of our present school system, And the expres

No. II.

sion in regard to the management of school finances certainly "fills a long felt want." Now let the proper agencies work for their enactment into the law.

It is very important that Tennessee's educational exhibit at the World's Fair shall be commensurate with the State's high standing in the educational world. This can be secured only through the efforts of those considering the public and private schools of the State.

WE publish in another column the committee's of the Tennessee State Teacher's Association and of the Public School Officers' Association of Tennessee, and it is desirable that every Superintendent and teacher get in communication with these committees. It is almost an absolute necessity for the schools of every Southern State to make a creditable exhibit at the World's Fair in 1893.

THE article on "Women at the World's Fair" taken from the New York Sun contains food for thought in these times when so much is being said of "woman's work" and "woman's sphere." How much of error lies in the Sun's article we are not prepared to say; but certain it is that the statements are those of one of the most carefully edited newspapers in this country. And whether true or false the article contains food for thought.

HERE is a most sensible thing, written by Dr. George Pardee, of California. Any teacher will see; on second thought, that there is wisdom in it: "One of the greatest mistakes made in the schoolroom is the rule that children shall keep their eyes fastened upon their books while studying. The object of this rule is, no doubt, a good one; but it does not accomplish its object, and it is fraught with danger to the children's eyes. The reason for this rule is to keep the attention fixed upon the books, and, in that way, assist the children in learning their lessons. But no one can properly apply his mind with his eyes fixed upon a point a short distance in front of him Indeed, the typical "brown study" expression of the human countenance is one in which the eyes are fixed upon vacancy. It is a well-known fact that the mind cannot do its best work if its attention is in any way distracted from the subject upon which it is engaged. Now, when you compel a child to sit and gaze steadily at a book but a short distance from the eyes, you are distracting its mind from the lessons in two ways. In the first place, the images of the letters on the printed page are constantly forcing themselves upon the child's attention, and the effort of the mind to scquire the idea represented by the printed word is constantly being interfered with by the thrusting in of the peculiarities of the letters themselves. In the second place, the eyes must be converged when they are directed at the printed page. This requires a muscular effort. This requires

nervous energy; and this, in turn, detracts from the mental effort required to commit to memory the ideas represented by the printed words of the book. None of us in committing to memory, or even in appropriating the ideas contained in a printed page, keep our eyes fixed upon it. On the contrary, we scan over a line or two, look up from the page, allow our eyes to take on the "brown study" position, and then, by an active effort of the mind, endeavor to fix our language or the idea upon the memory."

MUCH is being said, in these days of moralizing and lecturing, of the baneful influences that are brought to bear upon the youth of our cities. It may be that these sermons are But not overdone, and that things are bad as they seem. even if that be so we want to go to record on this proposit

ion:

The influence that is most fatal to the manhood of to-day is the standard of success set before the young people by those who do the teaching. This last phrase includes parents and preachers, editors and lecturers, as well as presidents of colleges and teachers of primary classes. Hear any of these people praising a man for his "remarkable success in life" and you need not have heard another syllable—you know at once thar the man spoken of has accumulated a fortune. When the little boy is lectured as to his possible future he is told that Vanderbilt, and Gould and Sage and Col. So and So were all "poor boys once; but see what they have done by working hard and saving their money." We have due respect for the man who has accumulated a fortune; but to set the great mass of boys in search of wealth as "the greatest thing on earth" is to dwarf and damn the noblest instincts of the best of them, and give them nothing but wretched discontent in return. Teachers, call a halt here!

A FEW days ago the editor of THE JOURNAL received from an editorial acquaintance a curious letter. It was written on the 24th page of the December issue of this paper, and formed a unique border for the innocent little parody by W. F. Milton, entitled "The Cross Teacher." It ran thus:

"Brother editor of the SOUTHWESTERN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION: Is this a good, healthful portrait of the teacher to help him or her and the people to a better appreciation of them? There is not enough wealth in the State of Tennessee to get such a thing into the naming his own paper a well known educational paper whose name would be given did not the communication seem to be private.

The parody has reference, in the first place, to "the cross teacher," and to none other. The last line says "some teachers be cross and fiery."-plainly implying that the great majority of teachers are not such. In Longfellow's beautiful poem the line "some days be dark and dreary" is in no sense a contradiction of the fact that only a small minority of the days may be thus described.

Our kind critic seems to think that this portrait of "The Cross Teacher" will be taken as a universal portrait of "The Teacher," a very different individual from "the cross teacher." The fact is, there is no danger of such mal-construction unless, indeed there be other supersensitive critics.

Adopting the theory of interpretation so readily taken up by our editorial critic it would appear that his papers columns are always for sale, but in some instances at a pretty high

figure. But such a rule af interpretation would be as unjust in this case as in the other.

THE OLDEST INSTITUTION OF LEARNING.

EDITOR SOUTHWESTERN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION:

I was interested in the artfcle on early Tennessee educational institutions that appeared in your issue for December. But I think it is hardly correct to speak of any of them as the oldest in the South or West. In the correspondence of Rufus Putnam with General Washington appeared for the first time the suggestion that the Government should provide enendowments of land for education (1783). On the 20th of May, 1785, Congress passed an ordinance for the survey of the public lands, and a short time thereafter, General Putnam was offered the position of surveyor. Though he did not see fit to accept, his appointment was one in the chain of events that led to the establishment of the Ohio Ministry. The two townships of land set apart for the support of ministry were located in 1795. Dr. Cutler prepared an incorporated act for it in 1800, in which he says: "As the American Congress made the grant which is the foundation of the ministry, no name appeared to me more natural than American University. There is a Columbia College, a Washington college, etc., already in the country, but no American college. I hope the name will not be altered." It was however altered. In January 1802, the Territorial Legislature passed an act based on the draft of Dr. Cutler establishing a University in the town of Athens. But in 1804 Ohio having in the meantime been admitted into the Union, another act was passed which gave to the proposed institution the name of "Ohio University." At the same time provision was made for the appointment of a Board of Trustees, etc. A building was erected in 1808-9, and the instituta was opened for the reception of students in June of the latter year. The Rev. Jacob Lindley, a graduate of Princeton, was the first and for some time the only precept, though the course of instruction laid down consisted of the English, Latin and Greek languages, mathematics, rhetoric,logic, geography, natural and moral philosophy. The first degrees were conferred in 1815, one of the first being Thomas Ewing, who afterward became U, S. Senator from Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of the Interior, With one or two exceptions a class has been gradu. ated every year from that time to the present. CHAS. W. SUPER.

etc.

The above letter from the President of the Ohio University an editor of The Journal of Pedagogy is well worth the study of every one interested in educational history. It is really a historic sketch of one of the oldest of the Western institutions of learning-a college that has done no little for the cause of education in the Ohio and upper Mississippi valleys. But it is not yet apparent that the expression "the oldest chartered institution of learning in the South or West" does not apply to the University of Nashville. This writer in an article published in the New England Magazine in October 1889 so applied it and was never so far as he knows, taken to task about it. knows, taken to task about it. The University of Nashville of today, with its nearly six hundred students, is working under a charter granted by the State of North

Carolina in 1785. Where is one older. The Board of Trustees named in that charter has perpetuated its life till this day, and the North Carolina land grant of 1785 has never been transferred.

FROM PEABODY NORMAL COLLEGE.

The Agatheridan Literary Society had its opening meeting on the night of October 17, with quite an interesting programme. The following officers were installed; Steed of Ala., President; Elory of Va., Vice President; Gardner of Va., Secretary; Lewis of Texas, Editor; Aswell of La., Critic.

Close, of Georgia, acquitted himself happily as the orator of the occasion; out-going President Grice, won the commendation of all by his excellont oratory; in coming President Steed, denounced the Louisiana Lottery in scathing words and burning sentences. The music rendered by the Glee Club was delighiful. It is not too much to say that the Agatheridan Society has never had a more successful, better received opening in its history.

The second presidential term began December 12. These officers were installed: Flory, of Virginia, President; Martin, of South Carolina, Vice President; Close, of Georgia, Critic; Murphree, of Alabama, Secretary; Bailey, of Nashville, Treasurer.

Retiring President Steed delivered a beautiful address on "Great Deeds and Brilliant Achievements"; President elect, Flory, eloquently set forth the noble traits of character of Robert E. Lee; Miss Larimore, of Georgia, gave a highly commandable recitation, eliciting much applause.

The following men members have been initiated during the term: Adams Bailey, Scarboro, Georgia; Allgood Murphree, Alabama, R. F. Bond, T. Bond, Vaughn, Louisiana; Campbell, Kline, Ross, Virginia; Wagoner, Fender, Browning, North Carolina; Bailey, Tennessee; Parker, Texas; Stover, Arkansas.

Aswell, of Louisiana, did credit to himself and honor to his Society in the Christmas inter-society oratorical contest. For the Washington Anniversary exercises the following members have been elected: Martin, of South Carolin, orator; Close, of Georgia, humorist; Lewis, of Texas, debater on the affirmative; Allgood, of Alabama, first debater on the negative; Campbell, of Virginia, second debater on the affirmative; Moseley; of North Carolina, second debater on the negative.

GERMAN TEACHERS' UNION.

The "German Teachers' Union" had on October 1st 1891 46,634 members. This shows an increase of 5000 over last year. It will not take long until all German eiementary teachers are enrolled upon the membership list of the Union. The 19th annual meeting of the Union will take place in the Hall (not as prievously stated in Stutgart) from June 6-9, 1867. Subjects of discussion will be "The Common School and its relation to the social problem," and "Professional training of teachers."

A GOOD SUGGESTION.

Many teachers make the mistake of sending their orders and remittances by registered letter, which is not only the

most expensive way of sending money but is also the slowest. People generally seem to think that registered letters are transmitted more rapidly than ordinary mail, but the reverse is true. Ask your postmaster to explain this, and some Friday afternoon give your pupils a practical lesson on how to remit money through the mails.-School News.

APPRECIATES THE JOURNAL.

Messrs. Editors:-I desire to say to you very privately that the December number of your Journal is well worth the cost of one year's subscription. It gets better and better, and ought to be in the hands of every teacher in the State. Respectfully,

B. C. SIMMONS. Hansford, Lauderdale County, Tenn., Dec. 26, '91. WANTED-Position as teacher of Mathematics in some high school or college, 19 years experience. P. D. WEST, Mulloy's, Tenn.

31.

Happy and content is a home with "The Rochester; a lamp with the light of the morning. Catalogues, write Rochester Lamp Co., New York.

THE JANUARY MAGAZINES.

The New England Magazine—The article of the month which will attract the great circle of readers is one on Phillips Brooks His Youth, Early Manhood, and Work." Thewriter the Rev. Julius H. Ward, is an intimate friend of the great preacher, and this is the first time that any magazine has given anything like an adequate accouut of the man or a real estimate of his work. Mr. Ward's article is finely illustrated lege, at thirty years of age, and at date; it also contains with portraits of Bishop Brook's as a boy, as a student at colsketches of his churches and homes in Philadelphia, Boston,. and elsewhere. It is one of the best as well as one of the most popular articles this young magazine has yet published. Prof. C. M. Woodward of Washington University, St. Louis, writes a long article on "The City of St. Louis," which is illustrated by Ross Turner the famous Boston impressionist, artist, and others. "Mice at Eavesdropping" is a pleasant little sketch illustrated by A. S. Cox. Another of Philip Bourke Marston's posthumous poems, "Tis Better to have Loved and Lost," finds a place and is well worthy of it. Winfield S. Nevins continues his stories of "Stories of Salem Witchcraft." Walter Blackburne Harte writes a condemnation of the growing custom of trading upon the names of famous literary men by commonplace offspring and relatives. S. Q. Lapius contributes a poem "The Gray Dawn," Edith Mary Norris has a pathetic story of the good old days of witchcraft, called "A Salem Witch." Charlotte Perkins Stetson contributes a story called 'The Yellow Wall-paper," which is a very paragraphic and very queer generally. One of Philip Brook's finest sermons on Abraham Lincoln is reproduced, with a commentary upon it by Mr. Mead. A number of other poems and sketches complete a very interesting number.

The number of the Atlantic Monthly for January is a strong one. It opens with Mr. Crawford's serial, Don Orsino, and besides the outlines of a very interesting story, the incidental story of a new Rome as contrasted with the Rome of the Pope's temporial power is of really great value. Another. feature of the number is Henry James's delightful article of reminiscence and criticism on James Russell Lowell. deals particularly with Lowell's London life, and sketches the part that Mr. Dowell played in the English literary and social world very appreciatively.

It

The paper on Boston by Emerson is a curious treasure trove, full of Emersonian phrases which will long live in the

memory, and a most interesting characterization of the traits of the town and its inhabitants. Miss Edith M. Thomas has a paper which she wishes considered as "a fond and unscientific observation of our winged friends," interspersed with charming poetry, Speaking of poetry Thomas William Parsons has a poem called Down by the Shore in December. Poetry being akin to art reminds one of Walter Crane's paper "Why Socialism appeals to Artists," which is a defense of the modern aesthetic school in England. A glimpse of the life of an English thinker is afforded by the publication of a collection of letters from John Stuart Mill, called out by his connection with the Westminister Review, which give interesting views of men and things. The Creed of the Old South by Basil Gildersleeve, is not a sketch of the belief of the Old South Church, but refers to the political creed of those who fought on the Southern side in the civil war: on which side the writer himself fonght from conviction that it was "the cause of civil liberty."

A short story of seashore life by Herbert D. Word, a paper on the "Political Situation," and Annie Payson Call's article on "The Greatest Need of College Girls," with some good reviews, close a number which augurs a brilliant year for this standard magazine.

With the number bearing date January 2nd, Littell's Living Age begins its one hundred and ninety-second volume. This standard weekly magazine grows more essential every year to readers who wish to keep abreast with the best current work in literature and science.

The first number of the new year has the following table of coutents:-Austria; its Society, Politics and Religion, National; "The Elegie," Blackwood; The Brand of Cain in the Great Republic, Contemporary; A Temple of Science, National; Glimpses of Byron, Murray; The "Mimes" of Herodas, Nineteenth Century; From a Simian Point of View, National; A March through the Great Persian Desert, Asiatic Quarterly; A Cannibal Plant, Spectator; Manx Humor, Saturday Review; with poetry. This, the first weekly number of the new volume, is a good one with which to begin a subscription.

For fifty-two numbers of sixty.four large pages each (or more tnan 3,300 pages a year) the subscription price ($8) is low; while for $10.50 the publishers offer to send any one of the American $4.00 monthlies or weeklies with The Living Age for a year, both postpaid. Littell & Co., Boston.

Those who admire a beautifully illustrated weekly paper would do well to send for a sample copy of the Chicago Graphic. It is a vigorously conducted journal, and nothing ean so well fit one for a full enjoyment of the great exposition next year as a careful reading of this paper.

A study of the January number of The Ladies Home Jour. nal just to hand, shows at once why the Journal is so popu lar. It is in complete touch with a woman's best needs, and covers everything in her life. No magazine covers its special field so thoroughly, and in such a fresh and capable man

ner.

Mrs. Burton Harrison, for example, is selected to write of "Social Life in New York"-than which there could have been no better choice. "Wine on Fashionable Tables" whether its use is increasing or decreasing, is discussed by such royal entertainers and diners out as Chauncey M. Depew, ex-President Hayes, Madame Romero, Mrs. exSecretary Whitney, George W. Childs and others. In the series of "Unknown Wives of Well Known Men" we have the first portrait of Mrs. John Wanamaker ever printed, and a sketch while "Clever Daughters of Clever Men;" presents Ethel Ingalls, the pretty daughter of ex-Senator Ingalls. Mrs. Henry Ward Beecher reaches the call of Plymouth Church to her husband and their removal to Brooklyn in her series of papers on "Mr. Beecher as I Knew Him," while the daughter of Charles Dickens completes her first story. A very pretty page of "Sofa Cushions" is illustrated and described; Palmer Cox's funny little "Brownies" are seen in a ludricous sleighride, while Robert J. Burdette begins his work as a

Journal editor with his new department "From a New Inkstand." Dr. Talmage's page is excellent this month; Maria Parloa's department is full of good household ideas; Rider Haggard, Canon Farrar, the Countess of Aberdeen, Charles Dickens and a score of English celebrites send New Year's greetings to American women, and all through the number there is a sense of originality and brightness which copes with honest practical advice and helpfulness. The Journal is only one dollar a year, and is, needless to say, fully worth it. Published by the Curtis Publishing Company of Philadelphia. A portrait of Gounod, the celebrated French composer, forms the frontispiece of the January Century, and along with the portrait is a charming paper of reminiscence of the early life of the musician. This paper of Gounod is one of a musical series which will make the Century especiaily attractive to lovers of music during the coming year.

The first of the series on "The Jews in New York," by the Rev. Dr. Wheatley, is given with nnmerous illustrations, and there also appears a brief article on "The Jewish Question" in general by an anonymous writer.

Another timely subject is treated in an essay by Mr. J. R. Dodge, of the Agricultural Department on "The Discontent of the farmer," in which an attempi is made to give the various causes which have led to the more recent exhibitions of discontent.

The "feature" of this number is an article by Capt. E. S. Godfrey, one of General Custer's troop commanders, on the massacre of the Little Big Horn, "Custers Last Battle." Capt Godfrey advances a new and conclusive theory with regard to Gen. Custer's movements, which is based upon his own knowledge at the time, and also upon information derived directly from the chiefs who led the attack. Capt. Godfreys article is followed by a critical review of the events of the campaign by Gen, James B. Fry.

The Kipling-Balestier very original novel, "The Naulahka" is continued; and the second installment is given of Dr. Weir Mitchell's "Characteristics." The shorter stories are Viola Roseboro's "Bentley's System," with Gibson's pictures and a story by the author of "Two Runaways" (Harry Stillwell Edwards), called "A Battle in Crackerdom," with pictures by Kemble.

Dr. J. M. Buckley, editor of "The Christian Advocate," prints a very full and interesting essay on the subject of "Witchcraft" in general, and the Salem witchcraft in particu lar, in which he makes the startling statement that "witchcraft is, at the present time, believed in by the majority of citizens of the United States."

The poetry of the January Century is unusually interesting Mr. Aldrich contributing five short poems in a group entitled "Interludes," and a great variety of poems appearing in the body of the magazine and "In Lighter Vein," one of these being a New Year's Eve piece by Alice Williams Brotherton.

In the "Topics of the Time" two editorials appear in the series on "Cheap Money" movements, one describing "Alabama's Thousand Dollar-a-Day Blunder," and the other telling of the "Mississippi Crop-Moving Currency."

One of the most timely and at the same time most carefully prepared articles of the month is presented by the Maga zine of American History. It is over the name of Hon. Ar thur Harvey of Canada, and is entitled "The enterprise of Christopher Columbus." In the same Magazine a most readable paper on "Prince Henry, the Navigator," by the editor; Mrs. Martha J. Lamb. In the same line is "Was America discovered by the Chinese?" This paper is by Rǝv. Alford Kingsley Gloger, and, with the other two, is opportune, this Quarto-Centenial year.

To the same number Mr. Henry E. Chambers author of a school history of the United States, contributes an interesting chapter of Florida, Louisiana, history-"A short Lived American State."

Teachers of United States History should not attempt to do without this valuable Magazine.

PRACTICE TEACHING IN NORMAL SCHOOLS.

WILLIAM H. PAYNE.

For reasons which will presently appear, I have given to my topic a title somewhat different from the one that was proposed to me by the editors. I am not orthodox in my opinions with respect to practice teaching in normal schools; and this paper will embody marked dissent from the received standards of belief and practice.

Universally throughtout the West, so far as I know, and quite generally throughout the North and East, there is attached to normal schools what is called a practice or experimental school; that is, a school in which the students in training serve a sort of apprenticeship in teaching children in the various elementary branches for a specified number of hours a term or year. These schools sometimes represent the

twelve grades of the common school course, and sometimes a smaller number. Each distinct department of the practice school has its regular or responsible teacher who presides while the apprentice work is in progress; and over all is the critic teacher whose function is to winess the giving of the lesson by the tyro, and at an appoinied hour to call together these pupil teachers and make a critical estimate of performances. Each trial lesson is observed by a certain number of the students classmates, who note the weak and the strong points in the exercise; and during the inquest they are summoned to express their opinions on the work they have witnessed. The judge or arbiter is the critic teacher, who gives a final estimate and summing up of each case. This is the usual modus operandi, as I have witnessed it in representative schools, and is my text for a few observations. The general allegation that may be brought against this practice teaching is that the conbitions under which it take place are so artificial and un-natural that it is more likely to be harmful than helpful to those who take part in it. The student teacher knows that the pupils whom he is attempting to instruct are not his own and that he is only remotely responsible for results, seeing that they depend on so many others beside himself. His pupils are concious of the same fact and owe no special allegiance to their temporary teacher.

It would be an abuse of language to call this real teaching. And what stuff must a youth be made of, who can teach in the presence of five or six official critics, who with pencil and note-book in hand, are spying out the slightest departure from the established code of methods? Each question, each responce, even each inflection and gesture must square with the code or the penalty will be paid when the hour of inquest come. The artificial is at a premium; the student teacher is inevitably and strongly drawn away from the spontaneous and the natural toward routine and mechanism, which are the vices engendered by this process of "training."

And what shall be said of the formal inquest, when, in the presence of principal, head, of deprtments, teachers of methods, critic teacher and pupil critics, the student teachers are called up for trial? These official critics must criticize, for this is their function. Not to note a fault or find one would be neglect of duty; and the proot of critical penetration is to discover latent faults that lie too deep for common observation. And so the stock criticism is hypercritical.

As there is an established coce of methods, so there soon comes to be an established code of criticisms, and these I have witnessed more than speedily degenerate into cant. one of these sad spectacles, but I have no recollection of having heard a word of approval for anything done by one of these unfortunate students during his trial lesson. Under the conditions it is hardly supposable that any really good teaching could be done; but I have occasionally seen bright young people give a lesson which had some decided merits, which the official critics passed over in silence.

Teaching of high quality, that into which a gifted man or woman throws his whole personality, will escape all set rules and stereotyped methods, and while obedient to the requirements of a general principle will admit of countless variatinns and adapt itself to the special lesson, class, and occasion. One of the teacher's highest endowments is versatility, and to create this power ought to be one aim of professional instruction. Now it must be apparent that the general and almost inevitable result of the processes I have described is to mechanize instruction and to substitute "devices" and "methods" for living power. I think it must be admitted by all impartial observers that normal-school training has not been favourable to the development of personal talent and power in teaching, and I believe this fault is traceable to the system of practice teaching which is in vogue in our professional schools. An invaluable adjunct to a normal school is a primary school, in which students in training may observe the finest results of the teaching art, in the way of organization, discipline and instruction. It is needless to say that a practice or experimental school can never be a school of this type; for so many crude hands and heads can never produce a piece of high art. A school of observation should not be a pedagogical clinic for the exhibition and cure of abnormal processes, but a model of what is best in the art of teaching, and one which can safely be reproduced by the students who observe its organization and working. If students have been properly instructed in the general principles of education and teaching, and have made a study of their application in a school of normal type, they are, in my judgment, serving the only apprenticeship that is necessary, and the only one that is not subject to grave dangers. Teaching is an almost wholly spiritual art; and the best preparation for it is a clearly defined idea of what a good school is, a knowledge of general principles, and the untarnished enthusiasm of an amateur.-Educational Review.

LIBERAL, TO A CERTAIN EXTENT.

According to the elementary school law in Austria, State schools are open to pupils of all religious denominations. No Protestant principals may, however, be appointed. These must be Roman Catholics or Jews. In a school in Vienna a separation has lately been made and Jewish pupils are placed in separate parallel classes, as the teachers of religion say that it is difficult to teach a mixed class. This is somewhat strange as the Jewish children are, of course, not present at the religious instruction. More strange it is, too, that the principal of the Jewish side is a Roman Catholic. There are 40,000 Protestants in Vienna, and yet no Protestant Principal may be appointed, nor a special side made for Protestant children.