3 AUSTRIA. Reigning Sovereign and Family. Francis Joseph I., Emperor of Austria, and King of Hungary, born August 18, 1830, the son of Archduke Francis Charles and of Archduchess Sophia, Princess of Bavaria. Educated under the care of his mother, by Count Henry Bombelles, the descendant of an ancient family of French emigrants. Appointed Governor of Bohemia, April 5, 1848; took part in the battle of SantaLucia, near Verona, May 6, 1848; declared of age, December 1, 1848. Proclaimed Emperor of Austria in consequence of the abdication of his uncle, Ferdinand I., and the renunciation of the crown by his father, Francis Charles, December 2, 1848; crowned King of Hungary, and took the oath on the Hungarian Constitution, June 8, 1867. Married April 24, 1854, to Elizabeth, Empress of Austria, and Princess in Bavaria, born. December 24, 1837, the daughter of Duke Maximilian in Bavaria. Offspring of the union are two children: 1. Gisela, Archduchess of Austria, born July 12, 1856; 2. Rudolph, Archduke of Austria, and heir-apparent, Imperial Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, born August 21, 1858. Brothers of the Emperor.—1. Archduke Charles, field-marshal in the Imperial army, born July 30, 1833; married, Oct. 21, 1862, to Princess Annunciata, born March 24, 1843, daughter of the late King Ferdinand II. of Naples. Offspring of the union are two sons, Francis Ferdinand, born December 18, 1863; and Otho, born April 21, 1865. 2. Archduke Ludwig, major-general in the Imperial army, born May 15, 1842. Parents of the Emperor.-Archduke Francis Charles, born Dec. 7, 1802, son of the late Emperor Francis I., from his second marriage with a daughter of King Ferdinand I. of Naples. Renounced the throne in favour of his eldest son, Dec. 2, 1848; married Nov. 4, 1824, to Princess Sophia, born Jan. 27, 1805, daughter of the late King Maximilian I. of Bavaria. Uncle and Aunt of the Emperor.-1. Emperor Ferdinand I., born April 19, 1793, eldest son of the late Emperor Francis I.; succeeded his father March 2, 1835; crowned King of Hungary and Bohemia, Sept. 7, 1836; abdicated the throne in favour of his nephew, after previous renunciation of his brother, Dec. 2, 1848; married Feb. 27, 1831, to Empress Anna, born Sept. 19, 1803, 2. Princess Maria Clementina, born March 1, 1798; married, daughter of the late King Victor Emmanuel I. of Sardinia. July 28, 1816, to Leopold, Prince of Salerno, royal Prince of Naples; widow March 10, 1851. Step-grandmother of the Emveror.-Empress Caroline, born Feb. 8, 1792, daughter of the late King Maximilian of Bavaria, married, in fourth nuptials, to the late Emperor Francis I., Nov. 10, 1816; crowned Queen of Hungary, Sept. 25, 1825; widow March 2, 1835. Other Relations of the Emperor.-1. Archduke Albert, born Aug. 3, 1817, son of the late Archduke Charles, the celebrated general; commander-in-chief of the army of the South in the war against Italy, June-July, 1866; married, May 1, 1844, to Princess Hildegarde of Bavaria, who died April 2, 1864. Offspring of the union is one daughter, Maria Theresa, born July 15, 1845. 2. Archduke Charles Ferdinand, commander-in-chief of the 4th corps d'armée, and commanding-general in Moravia and Silesia, born July 29, 1818, brother of the preceding Archduke Albert; married, April 18, 1854, to Archduchess Elizabeth of Austria, born Jan. 17, 1831. Offspring of the union are three sons, Frederick, born June 4, 1856, Charles, born Sept. 5, 1860, Eugene Ferdinand, born May 21, 1863, and one daughter, Maria Christina, born July 21, 1858. 3. Archduke William, inspector-general of the artillery, born April 21, 1827, brother of the two preceding archdukes. 4. Archduke Leopold, inspector-general of the Imperial corps of Engineers, born June 6, 1823, the son of Archduke Rainer, fifth brother of the Emperor Francis I. 5. Archduke Ernest, commander of the 3rd corps d'armée, born Aug. 8, 1824, the brother of the preceding Archduke Leopold. 6. Archduke Sigismond, commander of the 45th regiment of Imperial infantry, born Jan. 7, 1826, the brother of the two preceding archdukes. 7. Archduke Rainer, administrator of the Imperial academy of sciences, born Jan. 11, 1827, brother of the three preceding archdukes; married, February 21, 1852, to Archduchess Maria Caroline, daughter of the late Archduke Charles of Austria. 8. Archduke Henry, major-general in the Imperial army, born May 9, 1828, brother of the four preceding archdukes. Besides the above, there are eighteen other Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria, members of the formerly reigning branches of Tuscany and of Modena. Head of the first branch is Archduke Ferdinand, born June 10, 1835, nominal Grand Duke of Tuscany from July 21, 1859, to March 22, 1860, now resident at Lindau, Bavaria; head of the second branch is Archduke Francis, born June 1, 1819, Duke of Modena from 1846 to 1860, now resident at Vienna. The Imperial family of Austria descend from Rudolph of Hapsburg, a German Count, born 1218, who was elected Kaiser of the Holy Roman empire in 1273. The male line died out in 1740 with Emperor Charles VI., whose only daughter, Maria Theresa, gave her hand to Duke Francis I. of Tuscany, of the House of Lorraine, who thereby became the founder of the new line of HapsburgLorraine. Maria Theresa was succeeded, in 1780, by her son Joseph II., who, dying in 1790, left the Crown to his brother Leopold II., at whose death, in 1792, his son Francis I. ascended the throne, who reigned till 1835, and having been married four times left a large family, the members of which and their descendant form the present Imperial House. Francis was the first sovereign who assumed the title of Emperor, or 'Kaiser,'.of Austria, after having been compelled by Napoleon to renounce the Imperial Crown of Germany, for more than five centuries in the Hapsburg family. The assumption of the title of Kaiser of Austria took place on August 11, 1804. Francis I. was succeeded by his son, the still living Emperor Ferdinand, on whose abdication, Dec. 2, 1848, the Crown fell to his nephew Francis Joseph I., the fifth Emperor of Austria of the house of Hapsburg-Lorraine. The following is a list of the sovereigns of Austria, descendants of Rudolph of Hapsburg, with the date of their accession: The average reign of the above twenty-six sovereigns of the House of Hapsburg, who ruled over Austria for nearly six centuries, comprises a term of twenty-two years. Constitution and Government. Austria has become a constitutional country since the year 1849, and since the year 1867 a bipartite state, consisting of a German monarchy and a Magyar kingdom, each possessing its own laws, its own parliament, and its own ministers. The first Constitution of the German monarchy, or Austria Proper, was granted under date of March 4, 1849; but this was repealed by an Imperial |