with which they have no necessary, but merely an arbitrary connexion, established by custom and experience. So much upon the idealism of the eye. In conclusion, we wish to hazard one remark on the subject of inverted images depicted on the retina. External objects, we are told, are represented on the retina in an inverted position, or with their upper parts pointing downwards. Now, in one sense this may be true, but in another sense it appears to us to be unanswerably false. Every visible object must be conceived as made up of a great number of minima visibilia, or smallest visible points. From each of these a cone of rays proceeds, with its base falling on the pupil of the eye. Here the rays are refracted by the humours so as to form other cones, the apices of which are projected on the retina. The cones of rays proceeding from the upper minima visibilia of the object are refracted into foci on the lower part of the retina; while those coming from the lower minima of the object are refracted into foci on the upper part of the retina. So far the matter is perfectly demonstrable; so far we have an image on the retina, the lower parts of which correspond with the upper parts of the object. But what kind of image is it what is the nature of the inversion which here takes place? We answer that it is an image in which not one single minimum is in itself reversed, but in which all the minima are transposed merely in relation to one another. The inversion regards merely the relative position of the minima, and not the minima themselves. Thus, the upward part of each minimum in the object must also point upwards in the image on the retina. For what principle is there in optics or in geometry, in physiology or in the humours of the eye, to reverse it? We do not see how opticians can dispute this fact, except by saying that these minima have no extension, and consequently have neither an up nor a down; but that is a position which we think they will hardly venture to maintain. We can make our meaning perfectly plain by the following illustrative diagram In the lines of figures,
each of which is a minimum visibile, or smallest point from which a cone of rays can come. Now, the ordinary optical doctrine, as we understand it, is, that this string of beads A falls upon the retina in an image in the form of the row of figures B; that is to say, in an image in which the bead 1 is thrown with its head downwards on the retina, and all the other beads in the same way with their heads downwards. Now, on the contrary, it appears to us demonstrable, that the beads A must fall upon the retina in an image in the form of the row of figures C; that is to say, in an image in which each particular bead or minimum lies with its head upwards upon the retina. In the annexed scheme our meaning, and the difference between the two views, are made perfectly plain; and, it is evident, that if the object were reduced to only one minimus -the bead 2, for instance—there would be no inversion, but a perfectly erect image of it thrown upon the retina.
Now, there are just five different ways in which the fact we have now stated may be viewed. It is either a fact notoriously announced in all or in most optical works; and if it is so, we are surprised (though our reading has not been very extensive in that way) that we should never have come across it. Or else it is a fact so familiar to all optical writers, and so obvious and common-place in itself, that they never have thought it necessary or worth their while to announce it. But if this be the case, we cannot agree with them; we think that it is a fact as recondite and as worthy of being stated as many others that are emphatically insisted on in the science. Or else, though neither notorious nor familiar, it may have been stated by some one or by some few optical writers. If so, we should thank any one who would be kind enough to refer us to the works in which it is to be found. else, fourthly, it is a false fact, and admits of being demonstrably disproved. If so, we should like to see it done. Or else, lastly, it is a true, and a new, and a demonstrable fact; and if so, we now call upon all optical writers, from this time henceforward, to adopt it. We do not pretend to decide which of these views is the true one. We look to Dr Brewster for a reply; for neither his, nor any other man's rationale of the inverted images, appears to us to be at all complete or satisfactorily made out withLet the line A be a string of six beads, out its admission.
Affghanistan, sketch of the campaign in,
676.
Agitation, introduction and effects of the
system of, 538.
Agriculture and Science, 738.
De Cresci, a poem, 24.
Dee, Dr, sketch of the career of, 626.
Delta, legend of St Rosalie, by, 101.
Delusion, Mackay's history of, reviewed,
51.
"A health to thee," by B. Simmons, 534. Dependencies, Lewis on the government
Americans in London, 25.
Angelo, a Tale from the drama of Victor
Hugo, Chap. I., The Key, 799-Chap.
II., The Crucifix, 805—Chap. III., The
Poison, 807.
Aphrodite, Homer's hymn to, translated,
579.
Army, the British, 398.
Art, the natural in, 435.
Bailey's review of Berkeley's Theory of
Vision, review of, 812.
Ballad, "A health to thee," by B. Sim-
mons, 534.
Banks and banking companies, 146,
Baptism of the prince of Wales, ode on
the, by B. Simmons, 531.
Berkeley and Idealism, 812.
Bibliomania, 624.
Bobrik, Geographie des Herodot, notice
of, 3.
British Museum, the, 420.
Burying-places of London, the, 650.
Cabool and Affghanistan, 676.
Caleb Stukely, Part I. Home, 224-Part
II. College, 306.-Part III. College,
445.-Part IV. First Love, 585.
Campbell's life of Frederick the Great,
review of, 333.
Cemeteries (Things of the Day,) 510, of
London, the, 650.
Chronicles of the Cité of Paris, 87.
Church of England, the, 400.
Circassia, 405, 629.
Cleobis and Biton, a story from Herodo-
tus, 536.
Copyright, the present law of, 634—ques-
tion, review of the, 107.
Corn laws, the, 414.
Corn question, policy of Sir Robert Peel
on the, 538-summary of the debate on
it, 541-fallacy of the arguments against
his policy, 544-and of those of Mr
Villiers on, 546.
D'Arblay, Madame, extracts from the
memoirs of, 784.
of, reviewed, 213.
Derby day, the, 386.
Deserted Village, illustrations to the, by
the Etching Club, reviewed, 122.
Dost Mohammed, 506.
Downs, a ramble on the, 156.
Dumas, Alexander, a tale from the drama
of, 609.
Earthquake, the predicted, 511.
English agriculture, state and prospects of,
406.
El Empecinado, passages in the career of,
Part I., 521-Part II., La Morena de
Malaga, 756.
Etching Club, review of illustrations by
the, to the Deserted Village, 122.
Evening Walk, the, a poem, 653.
Exhibition of London, the, 419.
Fairs of London, the, 384.
Fane's five years in India, review of, 474.
Father Tudkin's malediction, a tale, 248.
Financial policy and measures of Sir
Robert Peel, 540.
Fishers of the East coast of Scotland,
notes on the, 296-dialect spoken by,
in Aberdeen, ib.-their villages, 297,
299-their costume, 297-and personal
appearance, 298-their superstitions,
299-their teenames, 300-illustrative
anecdotes of, 301-their habits as wreck-
ers, 302-and while at sea, ib.-pre-
valence of smuggling among them, 304.
Five years in India, review of, 474.
Florence, museum at, 48.
Foreigners in London, French, 22—Ita-
lians, 23-Savoyards, 24-Spaniards,
25-Germans, ib.-Americans, ib.—
Jews, 26-Gipsies, 31.
Frederick the Great and his times, review
of, 333.
French in London, 22.
Fuocista, the, 350.
Gabrielle de Belleisle, a tale from the
drama of Alexander Dumas, Chap. I.,
the Court Lovers, 609-Chap. II., the
poleon's acacia garden, 730-St Mare's,
732-the pictures, ib.-the armoury,
733-bead manufactory, 734-the re-
gatta, 735-the Armenian convent, 737
-the bridge of sighs, 738.
Jews in London, 26.
Johnstone's agricultural chemistry, review
of, 738.
Johnson, Dr, anecdotes of, from the me-
moirs of Madame D'Arblay, 784.
Goldsborough, Robert, case and trial of, Journey from Heraut to Ourenbourg, nar
Goldsmith's Deserted Village, illustrations
to, by the Etching Club, reviewed, 122.
Hamburg, the conflagration at, 797.
IB., Lines to, by the author of the Life
of Burke, 535.
Heiress and her friends, the, Chap. I., 64
-Chap. II., 66-Chap. III., 69-Chap.
IV., 73-Chap. V., 76—Chap. VI., 80
-Chap. VII., 82.
Heraut to Ourenbourg, narrative of a
journey from, 691.
Herodotus, the philosophy of, 1-general
misconception regarding, ib.-impor-
tance of the era preceding him, ib.-
his merits as a geographer, 2-causes
of the erroneous views regarding him,
3-3-his work not exclusively a his-
tory, 4-viewed as a depository of le-
gends, 6-as a political economist, 7-
increasing estimation in which he is
held, 9-his theory of the solar system,
10-his parallelism between the Danube
and Nile, 12-on his Africa, 14-his
chronology, 20.
Herodotus, Cleobis and Biton, a story
from, 536.
Homeless people in London, 173.
Homer's hymn to Aphrodite, translation
of, 579.
Hogarth, defence of, 390.
Horticultural exhibitions, 425.
Hugo, Victor, a tale from the drama of,
799.
Huntley, William, supposed murder of,
Hymn to Aphrodite, from Homer, trans-
lation of, 579.
London, the world of. Part VIII. Fo
reigners in London-French, 22-I-
lians, 23-Savoyards, 24-Spaniards,
25-Germans, ib.-Americans, ib.—
Jews, 26-Gipsies, 31. Part IX.-
homeless people in London, 173-
homeless great people, 174-club peo-
ple, 176-parlour people, 177— dis.
nerless homeless people, 185-utterly
homeless people, 190-Part X. Low-
don recreations, 370-social relaxa-
tions, 373-going in state, 375-the
parks and gardens, 380-fairs, 384-
the Derby day, 386-Part XL, 417-
exhibitions, 419-the British museum,
420-the National Gallery, 421—the
Zoological Society's exhibitions, 424–
Horticultural exhibitions, 425-music,
426-the Italian opera, 429-the thes-
tres, 431-Part XII. Theatricals, 639
-the abbey and tower, 648 killed,
wounded, and missing, 650.
Income-tax, review of its merits and de- Mackay's memoirs of popular delusion,
merits, 540, 551.
Ireland, present state of, 509.
Italian opera, the, 429.
Italians in London, 23.
Italy, sketches of, No. III., galley slaves,
Leghorn, 40-museums at home and
abroad, 42-zoological gardens, ib.-
Pisa, 44-its museum, 46-its botanic
garden, 47-Florence, museum of, 48
-birds in it, 49-snake room, 50-
No. IV., approach to Venice, 721-Ve-
nice, 723-the prisons, 724-the so-
ciety of St Rock, 726-travellers in
Italy, &c. 728-St George's, 729-Na-
Malediction of Father Tudkin, the, a tale,
Marriage, proposed changes in the law
of, 513.
Mississippi Scheme, sketch of the history
of the, 57.
Morell, Mademoiselle de, case of, 768.
Morena of Malaga, the, 756.
Museums at home and abroad, 42.
Music, (the World of London,) 426-
(Things of the Day,) 621.
Narrative of a Journey from Heraut to
Ourenbourg, by Captain Sir Richmond
Shakespear, 691-departure from He-
raut, ib.-his fellow travellers, 693-
his Affghan costume, 690-arrival at
Yellatoon, 696-and at Merve, ib.-
routes to Heraut, 698-a Turcoman
shepherd, 700-arrival at the Oxus,
701-and at Khiva, 702-interviews
with the khan, ib. 703-adventure of
Captain Abbott, 703-meeting with an
Italian, ib.-review of the journey, 704
-Turcoman horses and horsemanship,
705-character and habits of that peo-
ple, 706-character of the khan, 712
-departure for Ourenbourg, ib.-and
arrival there, 720.
National gallery, the, 421.
Natural in art, the, 435.
Northern Circuit, the, No. I. introduc-
tion, 193-Samuel Hogginbuck, Chap.
I., 197-Chap. II., 203—Chap. III., 207
-No. II. the Dumpling, Chap. 1., 356
-Chap II., 359-Chap. III., 363-
Chap. IV., 366-No. III. introduction,
487-Fluffy Jack, Chap. I., 488.
Chap. II, 492-Chap. III., 497-Chap.
IV., 504-No. IV. introduction, 661—
Chap. I., 662-Chap. II., 665-Chap.
III., 668-Chap. IV., 672.
Notes on the fishers of the Scotch east
coast, 296-their dialect, ib.-their
villages, 297,299-their costume,297-
and personal appearance, 298-their
superstitions, 299-their teenames, 300
-Anecdotes of them, 301-their ha-
bits, 302-prevalence of smuggling
among them, 304.
Nunneries, 623.
Ode on the ceremonial at Windsor, by
B. Simmons, 531.
Oracles, the pagan, 277.
Ourenbourg, narrative of a journey to, 691.
Over the channel, 159.
Pagan oracles, the, 277.
Paris, chronicles of the Cité of, 87.
Parks and gardens of London, the, 380.
Parliament, the new houses of, thoughts
on the modes of ornamenting, 388-
objections to fresco, ib.-and to oil
painting on the walls, 389-objections
to exclusively historical paintings, 389,
391-defence of Hogarth, 390—-sub-
jects suggested, 395.
Passages in the career of El Empecinado.
Part I., 521.-Part II., La Morena de
Malaga, 756.
eel, Sir Robert, policy of, 537-motives
for his proposed alteration of the corn
laws, 538 his financial policy and
measures, 540, 550-his personal posi-
tion, 542-exposure of the fallacies on
the corn question, 544-general sum-
mary on it, 550-his proposed income
tax, ib.
Philosophy of Herodotus, the, 1-see
Herodotus.
Pisa, 44-its museum, 46-its botanic
garden, 47.
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Poetry-The prisoner of Ghent, by B.
Simmons, 98-The legend of St Rosalie,
by Delta, 101-De Cresci, 242_" "Tis
hard to die in spring," 332-Ode on the
ceremonial at Windsor, by B. Sim-
mons, 531 ballad
A health to
thee," by the same, 534-To HB., by
the author of the life of Burke, &c.
535-Cleobis and Biton, a story from
Herodotus, 536-Translation of Ho-
mer's hymn to Aphrodite, 579-The
evening walk, 653.
Popular delusions, Mackay's memoirs of,
reviewed, 51.
Portraits of Versailles, the, 323.
Prior, James, Esq., lines to HB. by, 535.
Prisoner of Ghent, the, by B. Simmons,
98.
Problem in the law of circumstantial evi-
dence, 553.
Protestantism in Geneva, 162-effects of
the works of Turretini on, ib.-its
Socinian character, 655-effects of its
former Calvinistic character in pro-
ducing this, 171.
Prussian monarchy, rise and progress of
the, 333.
Q. Q. Q, letter from, to Christopher
North, 553.
Railway accident at Versailles, the, 794.
Ramble on the Downs, a, 156.
Recreations of the Londoners, the, 370.
Rencontre in St Peter's, a, 347.
Roadside sketches, 153-a ramble on the
Downs, 156-over the Channel, 159.
Roamings in Rome, a rencontre in St
Peter's, 347- -a Roman execution un-
der Gregory XVI., 348-the Fuocista,
350-the Catherine wheel, 352-the
Villa Medici, 354.
Roden, Lord, 150.
Roman execution under Gregory XVI., a,
Rome, roamings in, 347.
Ronciere, Emil de la, trial of, 768.
St Rosalie, the legend of, by Delta, 101.
Savoyards in London, 24.
Science and agriculture, 738.
Shakespear, Sir Richmond, narrative by,
of a journey from Heraut to Ourenbourg,
691.
Simmons, B., poems by, the Prisoner of
Ghent, 98-ode on the ceremonial at
Windsor, 531-ballad, "A health to
thee," 534.
Sketches, roadside, 153.
Sketches of Italy, No. III. Galley slaves,
Leghorn, 40-museums at home and
abroad, 42-zoological gardens, ib.-
Pisa, 44-its museum, 46-its botanic
garden, 47-the Florence museum, 48
-the birds in it, 49-the snake room,
50. No. IV. approach to Venice, 721
Venice, 723-its prisons, 724 — the
society of St Rock, 726-travellers in
Italy, 728-St George's, 729-Napo-
leon's acacia garden, 730-St Marc's,
732-the pictures in, ib.—the armou-
ry, 733-bead manufactory, 734-the
regatta, 735-the Armenian convent,
737-the bridge of sighs, 738,
Slave trade, the, 47.
Spaniards in London, 25.
Spy, the, a tale of the Carlist war, 33.
Steam, future progress and results of,
636.
Style, specimens of, from the daily press,
516.
Sympathizers, the American, 143.
Ten years of the Whigs, Part I., 130-
effects of the last French revolution on
their prospects, 131-their accession to
power in 1830, 133-they introduce the
Reform Bill, 134-and the Irish Coer-
cion Bill, 139-secession of Lords Grey,
Stanley, &c. from them, 140-formation
of the Melbourne ministry, ib.—Part II.,
258-they withdraw the Coercion bill,
259-their resignation, 260-their at-
tack on the Irish establishment, 262-
debate on their proposed Appropriation
clause, 265-they re-enter office, 268
-their coalition with O'Connell, 269
-they abandon the Appropriation
clause, 272-275-their final resigna-
tion, 276.
Thames Tunnel, the, 782.
Theatres, the London, 431, 639.
Things of the day, No. I., the libel law,
141-sympathizers, 143-banks, 146—
the slave trade, 147--Lord Roden, 150.
No. II., the army, 398-the Church of
England, 400-Circassia, 405--Eng-
lish agriculture, 406-the Corn laws,
414. No. III., Dost Mohammed, 506
-Ireland, 509-cemeteries, 510-the
earthquake, 511-marriage, 513-
style, 516-photography, 517-poor
Jaws, 518. No. IV., music, 621- -nun-
neries, 623-bibliomania, 624 — Dr
Dee, 626-Circassia, 629-copyright,
634-steam, 636-Part V., the Thames
Tunnel, 782-Madame D'Arblay, 784
-the Railway, 794-Hamburg, 797.
Thoughts on the modes of ornamenting
the new Houses of Parliament, 388-
objections to fresco, ib.-to oil paint-
ing on the walls, 389-and to exclu-
sively historical subjects, 391-defence
of Hogarth, 390-subjects suggested,
395.
"'Tis hard to die in spring," a poem,
332.
To HB., by the author of the life of
Burke, 535.
Venice, sketches of, 721.
Venus, Homer's hymn to, translated, 579.
Verdict of a French jury, the, a trial in
1834, 768.
Versailles, the portraits of, 323-the rail-
way accident at, 794.
Villa Medici, the, 354.
Villiers, Mr, exposure of his fallacies on
the Corn question, 546.
Westminster Abbey, 648.
Whigs, ten years of the, Part I., 130–
effects of the last French revolution on
their prospects, 131-their accession to
power in 1830,133-they introduce the
Reform bill,134-and the Irish Coercion
bill, 139-secession of Lord Grey, Sir
James Graham, &c. from them, 140–
formation of the Melbourne ministry,
ib. Part II. 258-they withdraw the
Coercion bill, 259-and resign, 260-
their Irish appropriation clause, 263–
debate on it, 265-they return to power,
268-their compact with O'Connell,
269-abandon the appropriation clause,
272, 275-their final resignation, 276.
Who is the murderer? a problem in the
law of circumstantial evidence, 553.
World of London, the, Part VIII., fo
reigners in London, French, 22—Its
lian, 23-Savoyards, 24-Spaniards,
Germans, and Americans, 25-Jews,
26-Gipsies, 31. Part IX., homeless
people, 173-homeless great people,
174-club people, 176-parlour people,
177-dinnerless homeless people, 185
utterly homeless people, 190. Part X.,
London recreations, 370-social relas-
ations, 373-going in state, 375-the
parks and gardens, 380-the fairs, 384
-the Derby day, 386. Part XI., 417
-exhibitions, 419-the British mu-
seum, 420-the National gallery, 421
-zoological society's exhibition, 424-
horticultural exhibitions, 425—music.
426-the Italian opera, 429—the thea-
tres, 431. Part XII. theatricals, 639-
Westminster abbey and the Tower, 648
killed, wounded, and missing, 650.
Zoological gardens, foreign, 42.
society's exhibitions, the Lon
Edinburgh: Printed by Ballantyne & Hughes, Paul's Work.
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