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is strength of will, after all, that," etc.-n. In repeating "power' another adjective, e.g. "resolute."- o. "Self-respect" needs the emphatic place; and "such power" should stand near the preceding sentence as connecting with it. -- p. "Too much of . . . to be at the mercy. — q. “Or give." r. Emphasize "to chance." -s. Emphasize the idea of obstinate: “firm to the point of obstinacy.”—t. The long predicate should be emphasized by being placed first; then end with, "this it is to be," etc., and set it off by a comma and a dash. — u. No need of giving these adjectives such emphasis here. - v. Invert so as to make the sentence end with "unselfishness."—w. To put the negative phrases after the positive is to go from stronger to weaker. Try the reverse order.

3. Point out, in the following passage, the words and other elements that are emphasized by being placed out of their natural order, and other illustrations of rules 50-55

"An automaton he [the dog] certainly is; a machine working independently of his control, the heart like the mill-wheel, keeping all in motion, and the consciousness, like a person shut in the mill garret, enjoying the view out of the window and shaken by the thunder of the stones; an automaton in one corner of which a living spirit is confined: an automaton like man. Instinct again he certainly possesses. Inherited

aptitudes are certainly his, inherited frailties. Some things he at once views and understands, as though he were awakened from a sleep, as though he came 'trailing clouds of glory.' But with him, as with man, the field of instinct is limited; its utterances are obscure and occasional; and about the far larger part of life both the dog and his master must conduct their steps by deduction and observation "

III. RAPIDITY.

Brevity in style may have two effects, according to the matter condensed. It may promote force, as shown

in Rule 49, when the condensed thought is in itself weighty. But it may also make the style more rapid, that is, help the reader to pass over the idea lightly, when the latter is by nature unimportant. Thus rapidity in style is in some ways the opposite of emphasis; its object being to subordinate and weaken the effect of expression.

Some of the aspects of this quality, and ways to effect it, are here exhibited.

I.

Rules for making Expression Rapid. The parts of a sentence that are naturally unimportant, and need therefore to be kept unobtrusive, are the modifying elements, such as prepositional and participial phrases, and especially clauses that occur within such phrases, or within other clauses. These generally need to be made as rapid as possible. As for the words that need to be made more rapid, as for instance connectives cut down to shorter ones, and the like, the writer must learn to determine for himself where such change will improve the expression. A comprehensive term is just the opposite of a particular or specific term; which latter, as shown in Rule 46, it is

56. To touch an idea lightly, express it in comprehensive terms.

often desirable to use for force. But at other times it may be desirable to express the whole idea in a lump, without compelling attention to particulars; this may be done by choosing a class-term or comprehensive word.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Note the greater lightness and rapidity secured

by the more condensed and general term,

Particularized.

"Novels or sermons, poems or histories, no matter what, he devours them all."

"From the primary school through the grammar school, then in high-school, later in his college course, he was always a diligent and painstaking student."

Comprehensive.

"He devours literature, no matter of what kind."

"Through the whole course of his schooling he was a diligent and painstaking student."

It is a good thing to give particulars, but only when they are worth giving. Otherwise the reader is impatient at being delayed by them.

57. To make a clause or phrase rapid, give its substance in implication or by epithet,

An adjective qualifying the name of a person or thing may imply or take for granted a whole assertion about the object; so too an epithet in the place embody an important fact about that When well chosen these devices serve to present in light and unobtrusive manner a great proportion of the thought, as well as greatly to enrich the expression.

of a name may

name.

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58. Study how to pass lightly over relative clauses

Much use of the relative is liable to be cumbrous and heavy; the writer needs therefore to familiarize himself

with the equivalents for the relative, so as to make his clauses lighter. Of course many recasts of expression are open to him; the following are the most important.

The restrictive relative, that (see Rule 35) is generally more rapid than the coördinate relative who or which; hence cutting down a clause from coördinate to restrictive often helps in lightness of touch.

ILLUSTRATION. Compare, for rapidity, the following: "This curious design I bought of a nun in France, who spent years of toil upon the conceit, which is of more value than the material."

"This curious design I bought of a nun in France, who spent years of toil upon a conceit that is of more value than the material.

A participial phrase may often take to advantage the place of a relative clause.

EXAMPLES. - Compare the following sentences:

"In the solar system an assemblage of bodies, each of which has its simple and regular motions that severally alternate between two extremes, and the whole of which has its involved perturbations that now increase and now decrease, is presented to us."

A relative joined with a

"In the solar system is presented to us an assemblage of bodies, each having its simple and regular motions that severally alternate between two extremes, and the whole having its involved perturbations that now increase and now decrease."

preposition to make up an

adverbial phrase may often be represented by a relative adverb, such as where, when, wherein, whereby, etc.

1 Note the improved order, and compare Rule 50.

EXAMPLES.

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"The place where (= in which) the impeachment of Warren Hastings was conducted was worthy of such a trial.” — “ I· have given thee a faithful history of my travels, wherein (= in which) I have not been so studious of ornament as of truth." ground whereon (= on which) these woes do lie."

"We see the

A word in apposition, when it can be used unambiguously, may often stand for an independent proposition beginning with a pronoun either personal or relative,

EXAMPLE. "We called at the house of a person to whom we had letters of introduction, a musician (= he was a musician) and, what is more, a good friend (= he was a good friend) to all young students of music."

Finally, the relative may often be omitted, and needs to be especially when the relative clause comes within a prepositional phrase,

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EXAMPLES. -"We know the instructors were masters of the art they taught.". "Beau sent him another snuff-box with some of the snuff, he used to love," Л

59. To make a subordinate clause unobtrusive, bury it within the sentence.

Somewhere between the subject and the predicate is ordinarily the place least noticeable for a subordinate clause; and being thus placed between easily and rapidly passed over.

important elements, it is Contrast Rule 53.

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Besides being placed in unobtrusive position the clause may often, as in the second example, be condensed,

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