4. Restrictive phrases and words. "There was, as usual, a crowd of folk about the door, but none that Rip recollected.” however, in time to catch the train."

NOTE.

"He came,

Do not overpunctuate; it is much easier than to underpunctuate. The general tendency nowadays is to make punctuation less copious than formerly.

80. Mark an abrupt change or addition by the dash.

The dash may be called the mark of abruptness. The matter set off by it is generally,

An amplification or explanation, put in by the way, and not waiting for the completion of the grammatical

structure.

EXAMPLE.- "In such a life as that there is no significance Christian significance, I mean; nor has it any mission of good in the world."

A parenthesis, in which case dashes are used both at beginning and end of the break. The dash is largely superseding the old-fashioned marks of parenthesis; and, indeed, parenthetical matter is shunned unless it is near in construction and connection to its accompanying mat

ter.

EXAMPLES." Ribbons, buckles, buttons, pieces of gold-laceany trifles he had worn. were stored as priceless treasures." "There are men- I know it- who go mad from loneliness; and medallists ere now have crept home to die."

Any sentence or other construction that is broken off without being finished.

EXAMPLE. "I will now go on to- but first, let me explain a little more fully what I mean by unconscious cerebration."

NOTE. Punctuation is sometimes exaggerated,1 a larger pause being used than is necessary, in order to compel more attention to

1 Compare Note, p. 181.

the punctuated matter and so emphasize it more. Thus, in the following sentence commas are put where, for ordinary unemphatic expression no pauses would be needed: "Beef,' said the sage magistrate, is the king of meat; beef comprehends in it the quintessence of partridge, and quail, and venison, and pheasant, and plum-pudding, and custard.' - In the following sentence commas are exaggerated to semicolons: "They have found their punishment in their success. Laws overturned; tribunals subverted; industry without vigor; commerce expiring; the revenue unpaid, yet the people impoverished; a church pillaged, and a state not relieved; civil and military anarchy made the constitution of the kingdom," etc.

II.

Exercises in determining Punctuation. To punctuate properly is merely to apply, in somewhat minuter details, the principles that underlie sentence unity; it is to designate by appropriate signs various kinds of relation between ideas.

1. Supply the punctuation to the following sentences, and give a reason for each mark supplied.

There be four things which are little upon the earth but they are exceeding wise a the ants are a people not strong yet they prepare their meat in the summer the conies are but a feeble folk yet make they their houses in the rocks the locusts have no king yet go they forth all of them by bands the spider taketh hold with her hands and is in kings' palaces.b

To make this clear we must distinguish three classes who each stand in a certain relation to education in modern England first the schoolmasters who nominally manage the schools secondly the mass of the public who send their sons to the schools thirdly the educational theorists who write books.

With all these limitations which look rather serious wherein lies Milton's easy supremacyd the answer is as obvious as it is

indisputable he excels all other English poets in his familiarity with the secrets of that eternally fascinating mysteryf the Mystery of Style.

Originality of observation seems to cost nothing to our author's liberal genius he lavishes images of exquisite accuracy and elaborate splendor as a common writer throws about metaphorical truisms & and exhausted tropes.

Captain Skinner was celebrated for his convivial talents he did the honors of the place in a hospitable styleh daily asked us to dine with him and seemed as inexhaustible in his wit as in his hospitality.

Study is the bane of boyhood the aliment of youth the indulgence of manhood and the restorative of age.

He will have to take existence a little more seriously to weave broadcloth instead of lace.

It is the honor of Dr. Arnold to have conceived and carried out the idea of inspiring Christianity with a direct practical power on the daily life of boys and if it sometimes seems that in his religious teaching he thought more of the school as a whole or in other wordsk of the state than of the individual perhaps because he had drunk so deeply at the fountain of Greek and Roman antiquity and was more anxious to purify the society which he governed than to save individual souls nobody who has learned the one great spiritual lesson of school life which he left to be discovered or called into prominence by his successors will let it obscure the memory of the many spiritual lessons which he first taught and none has taught so well as he.

m

Cultured America we believe" has not yet fully made up her mind as to who is her best poet but we imagine she could have little hesitation in pointing to Mr. Lowell as her most brilliant 'all-round' literary representative Emerson's mission on his visits to these shores was philosophical rather than literary Hawthorne's was mainly a mission of silence and Dr. Holmes's from all we could ever hear a mission of dining it is preeminently Mr. Lowell who comes to us as his Excellency the

Ambassador of American literature to the Court of Shake

speare."

When we frame our conception of heaven or moral perfection we find certain things and when we look into the nature and operation of music we find the same things namely obedience sympathy emotion adoration.

Now if this is the prevailing view and we believe it is there is this much to be said in its support.

The scene is before us around us we cannot mistake its localities P or blind ourselves to its colors.

To the last moment however he manifested a punctilious regard to the duties of his charge he accompanied us in our boat on a dark and gusty night to the packet which lay a little out at sea he saw us on boards and then standing up for one moment he saidt "is all right on deck" "all right sir” sang out the ship's steward "have you Lord Westport got your boat cloak with you" "yes sir" "then pull away boatmen" we listened for a time to the measured beat of his retreating oars marvelling more and more at the atrocious nature of our crime" which could thus avail to intercept even his last adieus.V

To teach is to learn w according to an old experience it is the very best mode of learning the surest and the shortest. Vanity in women is not invariably though it is too sign of a cold and selfish heart in men it always is we ridicule it in society and in private hate it.

often the

therefore

NOTES TO THE ABOVE. -a. What follows is a specification of the four things how indicate the fact?-b. The mention of the four things may be treated as a group-thought; how, then, punctuate? What punctuation would you adopt inside each member of the group?-c. The writer of this puts a dash here; how else might it be punctuated? d. Divide at this point into two sentences. -e. The author has made us expect an answer; how punctuate?-f. This last phrase is added somewhat abruptly; how punctuate? —g. The writer wishes here to give added emphasis to these two things mentioned; how represent this in punctuation? —h. This clause beginning with "daily" is intended as a repetition of the preceding

rather than as one of a series; how indicate this fact?- i. A somewhat abrupt ending, requiring not so heavy a pause as a semicolon. — j. A general statement and consequence; how punctuate? —k. What kind of phrase would you call "in other words," and how punctuate? —1. How would you designate the clause from "perhaps " to "antiquity," and how punctuate? m. When there is a clause between subject and verb, it needs to be set off by a comma. -n. See note k.-o. Put this passage in three sentences. -p. Some emphasis to be given to each member of this last assertion. -q. The writer wishes to give some emphasis to the timephrase. -r. This is a coördinate, not a restrictive relative (Rule 35); how indicate the fact here?-s. Treat the members of this sentence as a group-thought, not as a series of details. t. What he said is too short to require a colon. — u. A restrictive relative; compare note r. —v. Put the passage in eight sentences. -w. A specification.—x. An afterthought.— y. A larger pause needed here than after heart; see Rule 77 note.

2. Copy the following, supplying not only interior punctuation but end-punctuation, capitals (see pp. 172174), and quotation marks. Observe that the passage is written in rather brief and simple style, and does not require very long sentences.

i dont know mr randal observed mr cheeseman the corndealer during one of these social evenings that i should care myself to go into battle shouldnt like the feel of cold steel in my inside and when my time comes i should like it all done proper on my bed doctors and nurses and clergymen and a respectable funeral at the end i cant abide being hurried never could somehow it dont seem decent to go out of the world in such a deuce of a hurry our family always died respectable in their beds and left everything regular down to the last farthing and the hatbands now i dare say you went into alma as bold as a lion and took no more notice of cannon-balls b flying about than if theyd been snowflakes b i should a turned as white as the stem of this pipe.

i dont know what color i turned mr cheeseman replied philip but i do know that i felt awfully queer that day when we