b. The Filling-In. - Cont. II. Processes of a. Description. b. Narration. c. Exposition. d. Argumentation. 105. Give most prominence to what most characterizes your subject. 106. End with matter that concentrates the effect of the whole. 107. Determine the scale of description by the point of view. 108. For the first stage of description, outline the whole object. 109. Economize in the number of details. 110. Study effectiveness in the power of details. III. To relate a story effectively, keep the end in view from the beginning. 112. Regulate the amount of detail by the importance of the matter. 113. Study how best to foster expectation. 114. Study how best to answer expectation. 115. Make sure your idea is clearly defined. 116. Reduce ideas to the concrete by example. 117. Secure vital points of distinction by contrast. 118. Repeat enough to give all the ideas you wish to enforce. 119. To establish fact, begin with your reasons. 120. Be cautious of drawing too large a conclusion from too few indications. d. Argumentation. 121. To ground or apply a known truth, refer it to a general principle. Cont. 122. Be cautious of leaving any premise untested. 123. For principles of action, make wise use of example. 124. Be cautious of the conditions to which your example is to be applied. 125. Use analogy for illustration, not for conclusiveness. TH APPENDIX II. ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS. HE following are the passages referred to and analyzed in the chapters on The Paragraph and The Whole Composition. I. Paragraph from Macaulay's Essay on Hallam's Constitutional History, referred to on page 223. His taste in The abilities of Charles were not formidable. the fine arts was indeed exquisite; and few modern sovereigns have written or spoken better. But he was not fit for active life. In negotiation he was always trying to dupe others, and duping only himself. As a soldier, he was feeble, dilatory, and miserably wanting, not in personal courage, but in the presence of mind which his station required. His delay at Gloucester saved the parliamentary party from destruction. At Naseby, in the very crisis of his fortune, his want of selfpossession spread a fatal panic through his army. The story which Clarendon tells of that affair reminds us of the excuses by which Bessus and Bobadil explain their cudgellings. A Scotch nobleman, it seems, begged the king not to run upon his death, took hold of his bridle, and turned his horse round. No man who had much value for his life would have tried to perform the same friendly office on that day for Oliver Cromwell, Essays, Riverside Edition, Vol. I, P. 499. II. Paragraph from the same, referred to on page 223. Mr. Hallam decidedly condemns the execution of Charles; and in all that he says on that subject we heartily agree. We fully concur with him in thinking that a great social schism, such as the civil war, is not to be confounded with an ordinary treason, and that the vanquished ought to be treated according to the rules, not of municipal, but of international law. In this case the distinction is of the less importance, because both international and municipal law were in favor of Charles. He was a prisoner of war by the former, a king by the latter. By neither was he a traitor. If he had been successful, and had put his leading opponents to death, he would have deserved severe censure; and this without reference to the justice or injustice of his cause. Yet the opponents of Charles, it must be admitted, were technically guilty of treason. He might have sent them to the scaffold without violating any established principle of jurisprudence. He would not have been compelled to overturn the whole constitution in order to reach them. Here his own case differed widely from theirs. Not only was his condemnation in itself a measure which only the strongest necessity could vindicate; but it could not be procured without taking several previous steps, every one of which would have required the strongest necessity to vindicate it. It could not be procured without dissolving the government by military force, without establishing precedents of the most dangerous description, without creating difficulties which the next ten years were spent in removing, without pulling down institutions which it soon became necessary to reconstruct, and setting up others which almost every man was soon impatient to destroy. It was necessary to strike the House of Lords out of the constitution, to exclude members of the House of Commons by force, to make a new crime, a new tribunal, a new mode of procedure. The whole legislative and judicial systems were trampled down for the purpose of taking a single head. Not only those parts of the constitution which the republicans were desirous to destroy, but those which they wished to retain and exalt, were deeply injured by these transactions. High Courts of Justice began to usurp the functions of juries. The remaining delegates of the people were soon driven from their seats by the same military violence which had enabled them to exclude their colleagues. - Essays, Riverside Edition, Vol. I, p. 497. III. Paragraph from Macaulay's Essay on Milton, referred to on page 223. Ariosto tells a pretty story of a fairy, who, by some mysterious law of her nature, was condemned to appear at certain seasons in the form of a foul and poisonous snake. Those who injured her during the period of her disguise were for ever excluded from participation in the blessings which she bestowed. But to those who, in spite of her loathsome aspect, pitied and protected her, she afterwards revealed herself in the beautiful and celestial form which was natural to her, accompanied their steps, granted all their wishes, filled their houses with wealth, made them happy in love and victorious in war. Such a spirit is Liberty. At times she takes the form of a hateful reptile. She grovels, she hisses, she stings. But woe to those who in disgust shall venture to crush her! And happy are those who, having dared to receive her in her degraded and frightful shape, shall at length be rewarded by her in the time of her beauty and her glory! - Essays, Riverside Edition, Vol. I, p. 245. IV. Paragraph from the same, referred to on page 223. Thus the Puritan was made up of two different men, the one all self-abasement, penitence, gratitude, passion, the other |