The Free Towns, Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck, are the chief gates of commercial intercourse of Germany with the United Kingdom. The results of an agricultural census taken on the 10th of January, 1873, showed that at that date there were in the Empire 3,352,231 horses; 13,315 mules and donkeys; 15,776,702 head of cattle; 24,999,706 sheep; 7,124,088 swine; 2,320,002 goats; and 2,333,484 beehives. The number of families possessing live stock -Viehbesitzende Haushaltungen-was found to be 5,028,023, and

of these there were 2,965,856 devoted, partly or wholly, to agricultural pursuits.

The mercantile navy of Germany, on the 1st of January 1877, numbered 4,809 vessels, of an aggregate tonnage of 1,103,650. Of this total there were 318 steamers, of 180,946 tons. The following was the distribution of the shipping belonging to the principal ports on the 1st of January 1877 :

At the close of 1876 the railways of the Empire completed and open for public traffic had a total length of 27,413 kilometres, or 17,133 English miles. Of this total, 12,604 kilometres, or 7,878 English miles, belonged to the State.

The total number of telegraphic despatches in the year 1876 was 10,649,994, of which 7,172,124 were inland, and 3,477,870 foreign. The length of telegraph lines in the Empire at the end of 1876 was 38,793 kilometres (or 24,317 English miles), and of telegraph wires 142,000 kilometres (or 88,750 English miles). The total receipts of 1876 amounted to 10,258,529 mark, or 512,9207., and the expenditure to 15,958,543 mark, or 797,9271. There were 4,532 telegraph stations at the end of 1876.

The Imperial post office carried 516,407,730 letters, 78,586,580 post cards, 7,523,180 patterns, 92,867,490 stamped wrappers, and 310,421,781 newspapers, in the year 1876. The total receipts of the post office in 1876 amounted to 116,967,739 mark, or 5,848,3871., and the total expenditure to 109,414,845 mark, or 5,470,742, leaving a surplus of 7,552,894 mark, or 377,6451.

Diplomatic Representatives.

1. OF GERMANY IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Ambassador.-Count Georg von Münster, accredited Jan. 26, 1873.
Councillor of Embassy.-Baron Egen von der Brincken.

Secretaries.-Count Wilhelm von Redern; Dr. V. E. R. von Bojanowski; Count Fritz von Dönhoff.

Military Attaché. -Major von Vietinghof.

Director of Chancery.-Wilhelm Adolph Schmettau.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN AND GERMANY.

Ambassador.-Right Hon. Lord Odo W. Russell, G.C.B., born in 1829; British Envoy to Rome, 1858-70; Assistant Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1870-71. Appointed Ambassador to Germany, October 16, 1871.

Secretaries.-Hugh G. Macdonell; Henry Nevill Dering; Hon. W. J. G.

Napier.

Military Attaché.-Major-General C. P. B. Walker, C.B.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures generally in use throughout the whole of Germany, and their British equivalents, are—

On January 1, 1872, a law for the uniformity of coinage throughout the Empire, passed by the Reichstag, was published by the Imperial government. Under this law the standard of value is gold. The same law ordered the substitution of the mark, as the general coin, to commence on the 1st of January, 1875. There are gold 10-mark pieces and 20-mark pieces, the former called Krone, or crown, and the latter Doppel-Krone, or double-crown.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The French metrical system of weights and measures came into force in Germany on January 1, 1872. The names of the decimal weights and measures and the British equivalents are:

Deutscher Reichs- und König. Preussischer Staats-Anzeiger. Berlin, 1877. Königlich Preussischer Staats-Kalender für 1877. 8. Berlin, 1877. Preussische Statistik, herausgegeben vom Königlich Statistischen Büreau in Berlin. fol. Berlin, 1877.

Jahrbuch der amtlichen Statistik des Preussischen Staates. 4 vols. 8. Berlin, 1865, 1867, 1869, and 1876.

Die Gemeinden und Gutsbezirke des Preussischen Staates und ihre Bevölkerung. Nach den Urmaterialien der allgemeinen Volkszählung v. 1. December 1871 bearbeitet, u. zusammengestellt vom Königlichen statistischen Büreau. 8. Berlin, 1873.

Zeitschrift des Königl. Preussischen statistischen Büreaus, redigirt von Dr. Engel. 4. Berlin, 1877.

Der Viehstand der Gemeinden und Gutsbezirke im Preussischen Staate. Nach den Urmaterialien der Viehzählung v. 10. Januar 1873, bearbeitet vom Königlich Preussischen statistischen Büreau. 8. Berlin, 1875.

Statistik des deutschen Reiches. Herausgegeben vom Kaiserlichen statistischem Amte. 4. Berlin, 1873-77.

Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Sachsen. Dresden, 1877.

Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern. 8. München, 1877. Königlich Würtembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch, herausgeg. von dem Königl. Statistisch-topographischem Büreau. 8. Stuttgart, 1877.

Hamburgischer Staats-Kalender auf das Jahr 1877. 4. Hamburg, 1877. Report by Mr. MacDonell, British Secretary of Embassy, on the Finances of the German Empire, dated Berlin, Jan. 1, 1876; in Reports by H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part I. 1876. 8. London, 1876. Report by Mr. Dudley E. Saurin on the Industry and Agriculture of Würtemberg, dated Stuttgart, Decem. 20, 1875; in ' Reports by H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part I. 1876. 8. London, 1876. Report by Mr. Consul Hertslet on the Trade of the Province of Silesia, dated Königsberg, Oct. 1875; in Reports by HM.'s Consuls on British Trade abroad.' Part I. 1876. 8. London, 1876.

Reports by Mr. Consul Annesley on the Commerce of Hamburg; by Mr. Consul Hertslet on the Trade of Königsberg; by Mr. Consul Ward, on the Trade of Bremen; by Mr. Vice-Consul Meden on the Trade of Cuxhaven; by

Mr. Consul-General Crowe on the Trade of the Rhenish Provinces; by Mr. Vice-Consul Humbert on the Trade of Breslau; by Mr. Vice-Consul Kruge on the Commerce of Danzig; by Mr. Vice-Consul Kruse on the Trade of Kiel; and by Mr. Vice-Consul Behncke on the Trade of Lübeck; dated January-February, 1876; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part II. 1876. 8. London, 1876. Reports by Mr. Consul-General Crowe on the Commerce and Customs Tariff of Germany; by Mr. Vice-Consul Kruse on the Trade of Kiel; by ConsulGeneral Baron Tauchnitz on the Trade of Leipzig; and by Mr. Consul Blackwell on the Commerce and Shipping of Stettin, dated April-May, 1876; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part V. 1876. 8. London, 1876.

Reports by Mr. Consul Annesley on the Commerce and Population of Hamburg, and by Mr. Vice-Consul Richter on the Trade of Memel, dated August-September, 1876; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part VI. 1876. 8. London, 1876.

Reports by Vice-Consul Kruge on the Trade of Danzig, and by Mr. Consul Hertslet on the Trade of Königsberg-Pillau, dated September, 1876; in 'Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part I. 1877. 8. London, 1877.

Reports by Mr. Consul Ward on the Commerce of Bremen; by Mr. ViceConsul Kruge on the Trade of Danzig; by Mr. Consul-General Crowe on the Trade of the Rhenish Provinces; by Mr. Consul Annesley on the Commerce and Shipping of Hamburg; by Mr. Vice-Consul Kruge, on the Trade of Kiel; by Mr. Consul Hertslet on the Trade of Königsberg; and by Mr. Vice-Consul Behncke on the Commerce and Shipping of Lübeck, dated January-June, 1877; in Commercial Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part III. 1877. 8. London, 1877.

Trade of Germany with the United Kingdom; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1876.' Imp. 4. London, 1877.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Engel (Dr. Ernst): Die Verlüste der Deutschen Armeen im Kriege gegen Frankreich 1870 und 1871. Fol. Berlin, 1873.

Fircks (A. Freiherr von), Die Volkskraft Deutschland's und Frankreich's. Statistische Skizze. 8. Berlin, 1875.

Gothaischer genealogischer Hof-Kalender auf das Jahr 1877. 32. Gotha,1877. Neumann (G.), Das Deutsche Reich in geographischer, statistischer und topographischer Beziehung. 2 vols. 8. Berlin, 1872-74.

Nicolson (A.), A Sketch of the German Constitution, and of the Events in Germany from 1815 to 1871. 8. London, 1875.

Petermann (Th.), Zeitschrift des Königlich Sächsischen Statistischen Büreaus, 22 Jahrgang. 4. Leipzig, 1877.

Wagner (Dr. H.), Die Entwickelung des Deutschen Eisenbahnnetzes. In Dr. A. Petermann's 'Mittheilungen.' No. VI. 1873. 4. Gotha, 1873.

Waitz (Georg), Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. 5 vols. 8. Kiel, 1871-74.