The two principal articles of export from Italy to Great Britain in the year 1876 were olive oil, of the value of 885,5831., and hemp, of the value of 581,3731. The next important articles shipped to Great Britain were corn, of the value of 394,2417.; brimstone, of the value of 268,2501.; chemical products, of the value of 247,6231.; and shumac, of the value of 202,240l. No other articles exported to Great Britain in 1876 reached the value of 200,000l. The staple articles of British produce imported into Italy are cotton fabrics iron, coals, and woollen manufactures. The value of the most important article, cotton manufactures, imported from Great Britain in the year 1876, amounted to 2,674,3551. Next in importance to cotton manufactures stood iron, wrought and unwrought, of the value of 732,7431.; coals, of the value of 638,2351.; and woollen manufactures, of the value of 829,6857., imported in the year 1876 from the United Kingdom.

The number and tonnage of merchant vessels belonging to the kingdom, on January 1, 1877, was as follows:

On the 1st of January 1877, the total number of sailing vessels and steamers making long voyages was 11,045, of 1,078,869 tons, the tonnage of steamers alone being 57,881 tons. There were, at the same date, 153,022 men engaged as sailors on board ships of the mercantile navy, while 55,609 men were employed in 'marine arts and industries.' According to an official return, the kingdom of Italy had a registered seafaring population of 187,950 grown-up male individuals at the commencement of 1877.

The total length of railways opened for traffic on the 1st of January 1876, was 7,709 chilometri, or 4,817 English miles, of which 1,625 chilometri, or 1,016 English miles, belonged to the State, and 6,084 chilometri, or 3,082 English miles, to private companies. The whole of the lines are divided into five systems, of the following extent in January 1876 :

The first line of railway was opened in 1839, and the progress of construction was slow till 1861, from the beginning of which year till the end of 1866 the length opened for traffic rose to 2,902 chilometri, or 1,814 English miles. In the following six years, till the end of 1872, the length opened for traffic was 1,663 chilometri, or 1,039 English miles, and in the next three years, till the end of 1875, it was 932 chilometri, or 583 English miles. The construction of railways by the State was begun in recent years, in order to extend, more rapidly than private enterprise was willing to do, the existing network of lines. In October 1875, the government purchased from the South-Austrian and Lombardo-Venetian railway company the Italian portion of the system, or the Alta Italia lines, of a length of 1,444 chilometri, or 915 English miles.

The number of post-offices in the kingdom at the commencement of 1876, was 2,826. In the year 1875 the post conveyed 115,500,000 letters, and 113,800,000 printed parcels. The total revenue of the post-office in 1875 amounted to 23,800,000 lire, or 952,000l., and did not fully cover the expenditure.

The length of telegraph lines, at the commencement of 1877, was 22,345 chilometri, or 13,966 English miles, nearly two-thirds of the whole belonging to the government. There were, at the same date, 1,788 telegraph offices. The number of private telegrams forwarded in the year 1876 throughout the kingdom was 5,636,000, and of official telegrams 178,600. The total revenue from telegraphs, in 1875, was 7,518,594 lire, or 300,740l., and the expenditure 6,219,847 lire, or 248,7921. In preceding years the revenue did not cover the cost of management of the telegraphs.

Diplomatic Representatives.

1. Of Italy in Great Britain.

Ambassador.-Lieut.-General Count Menabrea, Marquis of Val-Dors, accredited May 8, 1876. Councillor of Embassy.-Chevalier René de Martino.

Secretaries.-Chevalier Conelli dei Prosperi; Chevalier Tomaso Catalani; Count Giovanni degli Alessandri. Military Attaché.—Capt. Leitniky. Naval Attaché. Col. Labrano.

2. Of Great Britain in Italy.

Ambassador.-Sir Augustus Berkeley Paget, born in 1821; envoy to the Netherlands, 1854-56; to Portugal, 1857-58; to Prussia, 1858-59; to Denmark, 1859-66; and to Portugal, 1866-67. Appointed envoy and minister to Italy, July 6, 1867; raised to the rank of ambassador March 24, 1876. Secretaries.-Edward B. Malet, C.B.; John G. Kennedy; Christian W Lawrence; W. G. S. Compton.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Italy are the same as those of France, the names only being altered, the Franc changing into the Lira, divided into 100 centisimi, the Kilogramme into the Chilogramma, the Mètre into the Metro, the Hectare into the Ellara, and so on. The British equivalents are:—

MONEY.

The Lira, of 100 Centisimi = Average rate of exchange, 25 to 17. sterling. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The common currency of the kingdom in recent years has been paper money of various denomination, gold standing at a premium of from 112 to 118 per cent.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Italy.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Annali del Ministero di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio, 1876. 8. Roma, 1877.

Annuario Generale dell 'Industria e Commercio del Regno d'Italia pell'Anno 1876, 8. Firenze, 1877.

Annuario del Ministero delle Finanze del Regno d' Italia pel 1877. Anno XV. 8. Roma, 1877.

Annuario della Instruzione Publica del Regno d' Italia pel 1875-76. 8. Roma, 1877.

Annuario Pontificio. 8. Roma, 1877.

L'Italia economica nel 1876. Publicazione ufficiale. 8. Roma. 1877. Statistica Amministrativa del Regno d' Italia. Riveduta ed ampliata per curs del Ministero dell' Interno. 4. Roma, 1877.

Statistica dei Bilanci Communali per gli anni 1874-75. 8. Roma, 1877. Statistica della Popolazione. Censimento generale (31 dic. 1871) per cura della direzione della statistica generale del Regno. 8. Firenze, 1872.

Statistica elettorale politica. Elezioni generali degli anni 1861, 1865–66, 1867, 1870 e 1874. 8. Roma, 1876.

Report by Mr. Edw. Herries, Secretary of Legation, on the financial condition of Italy, dated Rome, February 3, 1875; in Reports by H.M.'s Secre taries of Embassy and Legation.' Part II., 1875. 8. London, 1875.

Report by Mr. Edw. Herries, Secretary of Legation, on the foreign trade of Italy in 1874, dated Rome, March 1875; in 'Reports by H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part III. 1875. 8. London, 1875.

Report by Mr. Edward B. Malet, Secretary of Legation, on the trade between Great Britain and Italy, dated Rome, March 12, 1877; in Reports by H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part II. 1877, 8. London, 1877. Reports by Mr. Consul Gaggiotti on the trade of Ancona; by Mr. Consul Calvert on the commerce of the district of Naples; by Mr. Vice-Consul Valentine on the trade and commerce of Venice; and by Mr. Consul Colnaghi, at Florence, on the silk manufactures of Italy, dated June-September, 1874; in 'Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part I. 1875. 8. London, 1875.

Reports by Mr. Consul Brown on the commerce of Genoa, and by Mr. ViceConsul Rickards on the trade of Messina, dated December 1874, and January 1875; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part II. 1875. 8. London, 1875. Reports by Mr. Consul Grant on the commerce of Brindisi; by Mr. Consul Colnaghi on the trade and industry of Florence and of Parma; by Mr. Consul Dennis on the commerce of Palermo and of Sicily; and by Mr. Consul Smallwood on the commerce of Venice, dated January-March, 1875; in 'Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part III. 1875. 8. London, 1875.

Reports by Mr. Consul Grant on the trade of Brindisi; by Mr. Consul Lowe on the trade of Civita Vecchia; and by Mr. Consul Colnaghi on the commerce of Piacenza, dated March-April, 1875; in 'Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part V. 1875. 8. London, 1875.

Reports by Mr. Consul Grant on the trade of Brindisi; by Mr Consul Lowe, on the trade of Civita Vecchia; by Mr. Consul Colnaghi, on the industry of Florence and the province of Reggio; by Mr. Consul Brown, on the trade of Genoa; by Mr. Vice-Consul Rickards, on the trade of Messina; and by Mr. Consul Smallwood, on the commerce of Venice, dated January 1876; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part II. 1876. 8. London, 1876.

Reports by Mr. Consul Calvert on the trade and commerce of Naples; by Mr. Consul Grant on the trade of Brindisi; by Mr. Consul Pernis on the trade of Cagliari; and by Mr. Consul Smallwood on the commerce and shipping of Venice, dated March-June, 1876; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls." V. 1876. 8. London, 1876.

Part

Reports by Mr. Vice-Consul Tomassini on the trade and commerce of Ancona; by Mr. Consul Colnaghi on the silk industry, fisheries, and mineral products of Italy; and by Mr. Acting-Consul Barff on the trade and commerce of Naples, dated September-November, 1876; in 'Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part I. 1877. 8. London, 1877.

Reports by Mr. Consul Grant on the trade of Brindisi; by Mr. Consul Colnaghi on the industry of Florence and the province of Forli; by Mr. Consul Yeats Brown on the trade and shipping of Genoa; and by Mr. Consul Smallwood on the commerce of Venice, dated January 1877; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part II. 1877. 8. London, 1877.

Reports by Mr. Consul Pernis on the trade and industry of the island of Sardinia; and by Mr. Consul Colnaghi on the industrial condition of Northern Italy, dated March 1877; in Commercial Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part III. 1877. 8. London, 1877.

Reports by Mr. Consul Grant on the commerce of Brindisi; by Mr. Consul Colnaghi, Florence, on the decrease of the English iron trade in Italy; and by Mr. Consul Small wood on the commerce of Venice, dated May-June 1877; in 'Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part V. 1877. 8. London, 1877.

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Trade of Italy with the United Kingdom; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1876.' Imp. 4. London, 1877.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Annuario Industriale Italiano pel 1877, ossia Dizionario statistico-storicocommerciale d'Italia. 8. Napoli, 1877.

Bodio (Luigi), Sui documenti statistici del Regno d'Italia, cenni bibliografici, presentati al VI Congresso internazionale di statistica. 8. Firenze, 1868. Cesare (Carlo de), Il Passato, il Presente e l'Avvenire della Pubblica Am. ministrazione nel Regno d'Italia. 8. Firenze, 1865.

Correnti e Maestri (N.), Annuario Statistico Italiano. 8. Torino, 1877. Fornelli (Marchese Giov.), Miscellanea geografico-storico-politica su l'Italia. 8. Napoli, 1869.

Gallenga (A.), Italy revisited. 2 vols. 8. London, 1876.

Giugni (Ferdinando), Dizionario dei Comuni del Regno d' Italia. 2 vols.8. Firenze, 1870-72.

Guida Generale del Commercio e dell' Industria Italiana per il 1877. 4. Milano, 1877.

Lossa (Augusto), Annuario del commercio ed industria del Regno d' Italia. 8. Firenze, 1877.

Morpurgo (Emilio), La Finanza Italiana della Fondazione del Regno fino a questi Giorni. 8. Roma, 1874.

Muzzi (Prof. S.), Vocabolario geografico-storico-statistico dell' Italia. 2 vols. Bologna, 1873–74.

Stivieri (N.), Geografia e statistica commerciale del Regno d'Italia. 4. Venezia, 1872.