Ocular Skiametry as a System, Its Value in Optometry and the Optical Knowledge Necessary to Master It, Including Difficulties Proper and Improper Examination Rooms, Size Intensity and Schematic Eye Practice and Its Importance to Students, Model Eyes and the Exercise of Care in Their Adjustment. Reduction and Transposition of Lens Values, and the Necessity for the Complete Mastery of This Work in Successful Skiametry. Why Ocular Pupils Appear Red When Viewed Through a Skia- scope, With a Brief Description of the Cardinal Points Involved in Static Skiametry as Practiced With the Plane Mirror, Includ- ing Some Theories Regarding Fundus Reflex. Theory of Dynamic Skiametry, and the Importance of Reliable Fixation in Co-ordinate and Independent Observation, With a Illustrative Cases, Showing the Comparative Value of Static and Multiple Methods in Optometry and Their Value in Corroborative Measurements, the Systematic Keeping of Records and the Im- Value of Instruments in Practising Optometry. Lens Systems, Various Instruments Used in FIG. I Parallel rays of light converged.... 2 Divergent rays of light paralleled.. 3 Acetylene gas lamp with metal chimney.. 4 Asbestos lined metal chimney..... PAGE 5 Asbestos lined glass chimney................ 6 Asbestos-paper chimney-cover with iris diaphragm opening.. 33 7 Spiral filament in electric lamp.. 8 Author's asbestos covered electric lamp............. 9 DeZeng electric retinoscope..... 10 The "Hardy" wall bracket for gas or electric lamp... 18 DeZeng-Standard schematic eye...... 19 Queen's pasteboard schematic eye..... 20 Two cylindric lenses of unequal focus and axis..... 42 43 45 46 48 49 52 21 A crossed cylinder-lens of unequal meridional focus....... 22 Three cylindric lenses of equal focus, one at axis 90, and two at axis 180............... 53 53 23 One crossed cylinder of equal meridional focus and one simple cylinder at axis 180..... 24 Crossed cylindric lens of plus and minus curvatures. 25 Three cylindric lenses, two plus and one minus.... 26 Illumination of second card through hole in first one..... 27 Return rays from second card entering eye through tube in candle ...... 28 Substituting a skiascope for candle tube... 29 Illuminating the ocular fundus....... 30 The illuminated area on the fundus.... FIG. PAGE 31 Rays returning from edge of illuminated area on the fundus... 65 32 Returning rays influenced by a convex lens.... 33 Why the shadow moves "with" the mirror.... 34 Why the shadow moves "against" the mirror.. 35 Pupillary appearance of a so-called "shadow”. 36 Why the retinal illumination is larger in ametropia than in emmetropia 37 Why shadows move slower in ametropia than in emmetropia.. 75 38 Why a shadow is duller in myopia than in a like degree of hypermetropia ..... 76 39 Relative size of retinal illumination in high and low degrees of myopia .... 40 The optical principles of penumbra.. 41 The optical principles of penumbra doubled.. 77 77 78 42 Interference of penumbra in shadow testing... 43 True myopia (Static Method) 44 Artificial myopia (Static Method)...... 45 Accommodative myopia (Dynamic Method)...... 46 How the accommodation can absorb a ciliary spasm..... 47 Multiple fixation and observation points..... 48 Author's fixation stand................. 49 Fixation stand target card.... 50 Reverse side of fixation card.... 79 84 85 86 88 91 92 93 93 94 51 Position for initial examination...... 52 Balancing the accommodation and convergence in emmetropia. 104 53 Equal innervation necessary to balance accommodation and convergence in emmetropia..... ..... 105 .... 54 Imbalance of accommodation and convergence in hypermetropia 106 55 Unequal innervation required to balance accommodation and convergence in hypermetropia............. 106 56 Imbalance of accommodation and convergence in myopia.... 107 57 Unequal innervation required to balance accommodation and convergence in myopia.... 107 |