standard in the open air; and in the north of Germany, and in Denmark and Sweden, as a green-house plant. It is also in botanic gardens of the south of Italy, but it does not thrive there. Some of the finest trees of this species in Italy are at Monza.

4. M. MACROPHY'LLA Ma. The long-leaved Magnolia.

Identification. Mich. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 327.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 80.; Hayne Dend., p. 117.; Don's
Mill., 1. p. 83.

Synonymes Large-leaved Umbrella Tree, Amer; Magnòlia Michaúxii Hort.; Magnolier à grandes
Feuilles, Magnolier bannanier, Fr. ; grosseblättrige Bieberbaum, Ger.
Engravings. Bot. Mag., 2189.; É. of Pl., 7915.; and our plate in Vol. II.

Spec. Char. Deciduous. Leaves very large, oblong-obovate, somewhat panduriform, cordate at the base, under surface whitish, glaucous. Petals 6-9, ovate. (Don's Mill., i. p. 83.) A tree of the middle size. North America. Flowers white. June and July. 1800. Height 35 ft.

Description. The general appearance of this tree, Michaux observes, greatly resembles that of M. tripétala. The terminal arrangement of the leaves is the same, and it is remarkable that the two trees are almost always found together. In point of size, it exceeds the M. tripétala, both in its leaves and general height; but it is seldom found higher than 35 ft., which exceeds the height of the other by a sixth part only. The body of the tree is covered with a smooth and very white bark, by which, in the winter, when stripped of its leaves, it is readily distinguished from M. tripétala. At this season, also, it may be distinguished by its buds, which are compressed and covered with a soft and silvery down; whereas in M. tripétala they are prominent and rounded at the end. The leaves, in its native country, are 35 in. long, and 9 in. or 10 in. broad; and in vigorous plants, in England, they sometimes even exceed these dimensions. They are borne on petioles, short in comparison with the size of the leaves, and are of an oblong oval shape, pointed at the extremity, and cordiform at the base: their colour is light green above, and glaucous beneath. The flowers are white, and larger than those of any other species of magnolia; for, when fully blown, they are sometimes 8 in. or 9 in. in diameter: they are composed of six petals, longer and broader than those of the umbrella tree. Within the flower, near the bottom of the petals, is a purple spot, 7 or 8 lines in diameter. The flowers diffuse a fragrant odour, and their beauty is heightened by the luxuriant foliage which surrounds them. The fruit is about 4 in. long, nearly cylindrical, and of a vivid rose-colour when arrived at maturity. In the arrangement of the carpels and of the seeds, the fruit resemble those of M. tripétala and M. acuminata; it should be remarked, however, that it is destitute of the appendages visible on that of the last-mentioned species, especially when it is dry. The seeds of the large-leaved umbrella tree require, in order to preserve their power of germination, the same attention as those of the preceding species. (Michx.) The stipules, in this species, and the manner in which they envelope the unexpanded leaves, are interesting subjects of observation, more especially when the leaves are emerging from the bud. The stipules are large, and placed mainly upon petioles of the leaves; yet the office of the stipules borne by the petiole of any leaf is not to envelope and protect that leaf, but the leaf next inward to it. The outermost wrappers of the leaf-buds are (as examination will show) stipules upon the rudiments of petioles. Young plants of this species grow very slowly till they are thorougly established, which will require, in general, two years. The year's shoots may then be from 1 ft. to 2 ft.; so that in ten years a plant may attain the height of 12 ft. or 15 ft. It may be considered a short-lived tree, and, like all such, it comes into flower when young. The largest tree of this species, in England, is 28 ft. 6 in. high.

Geography. This is the rarest of the American species of magnolia. It was generally confounded by the native collectors with the Magnòlia tripétala, till separated from it by Michaux, by whom it was discovered in 1789, in the mountainous regions of North Carolina, 10 miles south of Lincoln town, and 250 miles from Charleston. Extensive researches made in quest of it, in the

upper part of the southern states, and east of the Alleghanies, have been unsuccessful. In Tennessee it is found sparingly at intervals of 40 or 30 miles. It appears to delight in cool sheltered situations, where the soil is deep and fertile; and, as already observed, it is constantly attended by the M. tripétala. History. It was discovered by the elder Michaux, in 1789, but was not introduced into England till imported by the Messrs. Loddiges in 1800. It has rarely, if ever, been propagated in this country by inarching or layers, and very seldom from seeds; and, hence, the plant is very sparingly distributed. In France, it seems to have been introduced about the same time as in England; and it seems to prosper better in the climate of Paris, as there, in the nursery of M. Godefroy, it has ripened seeds, from which, in 1827, young plants were raised. In Britain, young plants are constantly imported from the New York and Philadelphia nurseries.

Soil and Situation. The most suitable situation for this species is one perfectly sheltered on every side, and slightly shaded from the mid-day sun. The soil should be a deep dry sand; at all events, those trees in England which have attained the largest size, stand in soil of this description; our comparatively moist winters rendering such a soil advantageous, by preventing the excess of moisture from rotting the roots, or damping off the plant when young, at the surface of the ground.

Propagation and Culture. Neither this species nor M. tripétala can be readily grafted or inarched on each other, or on any other species, as far as experience has hitherto gone in Britain; probably from the large proportion which the pith bears to the ligneous part in young shoots; nevertheless, according to Bonpland, it has been in one or two cases successfully effected in France. M. Soulange-Bodin, having been unsuccessful in various attempts to inarch M. macrophylla on M. tripétala, thought of trying it on M. auriculata; but it only lived a very short time, and then died. It will root by layers with great difficulty; and plants so raised, from their want of vigour, will probably not be of long duration. The only mode worthy of general adoption is, to raise it from seed; and, as these are produced in abundance at Fromont, at the nursery of M. Godefroy, at Ville d'Avry, and at other places in France, there is no necessity for having recourse to any other method. If any species of magnolia, the young shoots of which are so abundant in pith, and the entire plant so liable to die down to the ground and shoot up again, as M. tripétala and M. macrophylla, is to be grafted at all, the operation ought, as it appears to us, to be performed on the root, which, as in the case of all ligneous plants, is without pith.

Statistics. The largest Magnolia macrophylla in England, is that at Arley Hall, the seat of the Earl of Mount Norris. This fine tree is a standard, 28 ft. 6 in. high, with a trunk 6 in. in diameter at a foot from the ground, and a head 17 ft. in diameter. The next largest standard is that at the Duke of Devonshire's villa at Chiswick, which, in 1835, was 22 ft. high. At Harringay there is a tree against a wall, which, in 1835, was 22 ft. high, and, like that at the Duke of Devonshire's, it flowers abundantly every year. It was planted in 1814, and has never received the slightest protection. In the grounds of a villa at Kensington Gore, adjoining the Brompton Nursery, is a standard tree 18 ft. high, which flowers every year. At White Knights there is a standard tree, 20 ft. high, that has been 30 years planted. At Southill, in Bedfordshire, there is a standard, 22 years planted, which is 12 ft. high. The tree stands in the open air in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh and of Dublin; but there are no remarkable specimens. In France, the largest M. macrophylla is at Fromont, which, in 1835, measured 24 ft., and the branches covered a space of 15 ft. in diameter. It has flowered every year since 1826, and it ripens seeds in October, from which many young plants have been raised. There are plants of this species, of considerable size, at Ville d'Avry, and in several of the other Parisian nurseries. In Germany, the species is a green-house plant, and in the south of Europe it has not yet been generally tried. There are plants of it in the collection at Monza. Plants should always be purchased in pots. The price, in London, of two-yearsold seedlings, is 15s.; at Bollwyller, ?; and at New York, I dollar.

5. M. ACUMINATA L. The pointed-leaved Magnolia.

Identification. Lin. Sp., 756.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 80.; Willd. Baum., p. 230.; Hayne Dend., p. 117. j Don's Mill., 1. p. 83.

Synonymes. M. rústica, and M. pennsylvânica, of some; the blue Magnolia, Eng.; the Cucumber Tree, U.S.; Magnolier acuminé, Magnolier à Feuilles pointées, Fr.; zugespitzer Bieberbaum, Ger. Derivations. This species is called the Cucumber Tree, in America, from its fruit resembling a small cucumber. The other names are translations of the botanic one.

Engravings, Mich. Arb., 3. p. 82. t. 3.; Sims, Bot. Mag., 2427.; Hayne, t. 17.; E. of Pl., 7913.; and our plate in Vol. II.

Spec. Char. Deciduous.

Leaves oval, acuminate, under-surface pubescent. Flowers 6-9-petaled. (Don's Mill., p. 83.) A deciduous tree. North America. Flowers yellowish. May to July. 1736. Height from 30 ft. to 40 ft.

Varieties.

* M. a. 2 Candólli Savi. De Candolle's acuminate-leaved Magnolia.-Leaves ovate, oblong, acute. Flowers greenish. Figured in Savi's Bibl. Ital., p. 224.

* M. a. 3 máxima Lodd.-Leaves much larger than those of the original species. Introduced by Messrs. Loddiges, and cultivated in different

nurseries.

Other Varieties. The Magnòlia acuminata being frequently raised from seed, and the seedlings varying much in the size of their leaves, and in the presence or absence of pubescence, both on the leaves and wood, it would be easy to select several varieties apparently as distinct as those above mentioned. In the Goldworth Nursery, Woking, Surrey, are some which appear remarkably distinct.

Description. A deciduous tree, in its native country, from 60 ft. to 80 ft in height, with a straight trunk, from 3 ft. to 4 ft. in diameter; numerous branches, and regularly distributed shoots. The leaves are from 6 in. to 7 in. long, and from 3 in. to 4 in. broad, upon old trees, but double that size upon young vigorous-growing plants. Michaux describes them as oval, entire, and very acuminate; but, in the seedlings raised in British nurseries, they are found sometimes ovate, nearly orbiculate, and cordate-acuminate. The flowers, which are 5 in. or 6 in. in diameter, are bluish, and sometimes white, with a tint of yellow. They have but a feeble odour; though, as they are large and numerous, they have a fine effect in the midst of the superb foliage. Plants raised from seeds do not usually produce flowers till they are eight or ten years old, when the tree will probably be from 15 ft. to 20 ft. in height; but plants raised from layers produce flowers in two or three years. The fruit is about 3 in. long, and nearly 1 in. in diameter. It is nearly cylindrical, and often a little larger at the summit than at the base: it is convex on one side, and concave on the other; and, when green, it nearly resembles a young cucumber. The fruit is rose-coloured; and, as in the case of the other species, the seeds, before they drop, remain suspended for some time by long white threads. The wood of this tree is of a fine grain, and of an orange colour. Geography. The most northerly point at which this tree is found is Niagara, near the Falls, in lat. 43°. It abounds along the whole mountainous tract of the Alleghanies, to their termination in Georgia, over a distance of 900 miles. It is also common on the Cumberland Mountains, which divide the state of Tennessee. The situations peculiarly adapted to its growth, according to Michaux, are the declivities of mountains, narrow valleys, and the banks of torrents, where the atmosphere is constantly moist, and where the soil is deep and fertile. "At the distance of 40 or 50 miles from these mountains, either eastward or westward, the cucumber tree is met with only accidentally upon the steep banks of rivers, where the atmosphere is constantly refreshed by the evaporation from their surface. We may conclude that this tree is a stranger to all the regions north of the river Hudson, and to all the Atlantic parts of the United States, to the distance of 100, 150, and 200 miles from the sea; the nature of the soil, and the extreme heat of the climate in summer, being utterly uncongenial to its growth. It is also

rare in the parts of Kentucky and West Tennessee which are most remote from the mountains, where the face of the country is less uneven." (Michaux.)

History. M. acuminata was first discovered by John Bartram, and was sent by him to Mr. Peter Collinson, in 1736. Being readily propagated by layers, and very hardy, it was soon spread extensively through European gardens; and there are now numerous trees of it in Britain, France, and in the north of Italy, from 40 ft. to 60 ft. in height.

Properties and Uses. The tree being comparatively rare in its native country, its timber is not in general use. Where it can be obtained, it is employed in joinery and cabinet-making; and, from its size and lightness, large trunks are selected for scooping out into canoes. The inhabitants of the Alleghanies gather the fruits about midsummer, when they are half ripe, and steep them in whisky: a glass or two of this liquor, which is extremely bitter, is considered to be a preventive against the autumnal fevers. In Europe, the tree can only be considered as ornamental; though its fruit might no doubt be applied in the same manner as in America.

Soil and Situation. A free, deep, and rather moist soil answers best for this species; but, as it is much hardier than any of the other species in this section, it will grow in almost any soil that is moderately free, and not overcharged with moisture. To attain a large size, it requires a sheltered situation, and a deep rich soil; but it will grow in exposed sites, and even flower there freely.

Propagation and Culture. It is generally propagated in the London nurseries by layers, the plants so produced flowering much sooner than seedlings; but the latter, as they make far more durable plants, should always be preferred when this species is used as a stock to graft or inarch others on. It is so used very generally, not only for M. auriculata and cordàta, but for M. conspicua and Soulangeana. The plants are, in some nurseries, grown in the free soil; but it is always preferable to rear them in pots; because, in that case, they are not checked by transplanting, and at least a year is gained in their growth.

Statistics. Magnòlia acuminata in Great Britain. The largest tree stood in the garden of Lord Petre, at Thorndon Hall in Essex ; but it was cut down some years ago, and its exact dimensions we have not been able to ascertain; though we have seen a section of the trunk which exceeded 27 in. in diameter: there is one still standing in the same park, which is 37 ft. high, with a trunk 7 ft. 2 in. in circumference. In Thompson's Nursery at Mile End, and in the arboretum at Kew, there were formerly trees between 30 ft. and 40 ft. high. At Syon there is one 49 ft. high, see our plate in Vol. II.; and at White Knights there are many trees of this species from 20 ft. to 35 ft. high, all planted within the last 30 years. At Cobham Hall, in Kent, there is a tree 17 years planted, which is 30 ft. high; and there is one of the same height at Eastwell Park, in the same county. North of London there are some hundreds of trees of which we have received the dimensions. They grow in various soils, clayey loam, sand, prepared soil, &c.; and, in 10 years, generally acquire the height of 15 ft., and in 20 years, of 30 ft. In Scotland, the tree is usually trained against a wall; but in the neighbourhood of Dublin there is a tree, 15 ft. high, growing as a standard in the Glasnevin Garden, and another, equally high, at Cypress Grove. At Oriel Temple there is a tree 35 years planted, which is 17 ft. high; and one, not quite so old, at Dundalk, 27 ft. high, with a trunk 20 in. in diameter, and a head 85 ft. in circumference. In England these trees flower freely every year, but not quite so much so in Ireland, owing to the wood not ripening so thoroughly.

Magnolia acuminata in Foreign Countries. There are various trees of this species, in the neighbourhood of Paris, from 20 ft. to 30 ft. high; and in Belgium there are a number still higher. In Germany, the largest tree that we have had an account of is at Schwöbber, where it has attained the height of 25 ft. It stands in the open air at Berlin, Dresden, and Vienna, but never acquires a timber-like size as a standard. In the Berlin Botanic Garden it is 25 ft. high against a wall. In Italy, there are trees of this species in the Eng

lish garden at Caserta, and in most of the botanic gardens; but, as already observed, the deciduous American magnolias do not thrive in the south of Europe, except in particular localities. In North America, there is a tree of this species in Bartram's Botanic Garden, Philadelphia, 80 ft. high, which supplies a great part of the seeds sent yearly to Europe.

Commercial Statistics. The price of plants, about London, is 5s. each, and of seeds 2s. 6d. an ounce; at Bollwyller, from 5 francs to 10 francs each plant; in New York, plants are 25 dollars a hundred, or 30 cents each, and seeds are 9 dollars a quart.

6. M. (? ACU.) CORDA`TA Mx. The heart-leaved Magnolia.

Identification. Mich. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 328.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 80.; Hayne Dend., p. 118.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 83.

Synonymes. The heart-leaved Cucumber Tree, Amer.; Magnolier à Feuilles en Cœur, Fr.; herzblättriger Bieberbaum, Ger.

Engravings. Bot. Cab., 474; and our plate in Vol. II.

Spec. Char. Deciduous. Leaves heart-shaped, somewhat ovate or cordate, acute, under surface tomentose, upper surface smooth. Petals 6-9, oblong. (Don's Mill., i. p. 83.) A middle-sized tree. North America.

Flowers white and purple, scented. June and July. 1800. Description. This tree, in its native country, attains the height of 40 ft. or 50 ft., with a trunk 12 in. or 15 in. in diameter, straight, and covered with a rough and deeply furrowed bark. Its leaves, which are borne upon petioles, are from 4 in. to 6 in. in length, and from 3 in. to 5 in. wide, smooth and entire. The flowers, which appear in April, are yellow, with the interior of the petal longitudinally marked with several reddish lines. They are from 3 in. to 4 in. in diameter, and are succeeded by fruit about 3 in. long, and nearly 1 in. in thickness, of a similar form to those of the preceding species. The wood is light and soft, and is used in joinery and cabinet-making, where it can be found; but the tree is not common in America. In Britain, the tree attains the height of 20 ft. or 30 ft., and flowers freely.

Geography. Found on the banks of the river Savannah, in Upper Georgia, and on those of the streams which traverse the back parts of South Carolina. The nearest point to the sea at which the younger Michaux found it, was in the plantation of Goodrest, 12 miles from Augusta, along the sides of Horn Creek. The tree is rare in Upper Georgia, never making its appearance in forests, but only in isolated situations, along the banks of rivers.

History, &c. This tree appears to have been discovered by the elder Michaux. It was brought to England in 1801 by Mr. Lyon; and the original tree, not 15 ft. high, still exists in the nursery of Messrs. Loddiges. This tree agrees in very few particulars with Michaux's description, and, taken together with the various and very opposite appearances assumed by the seedlings of M. acuminata, convinces us that M. cordata is nothing more than a variety of M. acuminata. The soil and situation may be considered the same as in the preceding species; but, as this race or variety seems, in its native country, to inhabit higher and drier localities than M. acuminata, it may probably be placed in still more exposed situations than that species in Britain.

Statistics. Though this species is by no means uncommon in British gardens, we are not aware of many large specimens of it. The highest we know of is at Claremont, where it has attained the height of 27 ft. in sandy loam on clay. At Luscombe, in Devonshire, there is a tree 8 years planted, which has attained the height of 14 ft.; and at West Dean, in Sussex, is one 9 years planted, which is 13 ft. high. At High Clere, in a situation upwards of 500 ft. above the level of the sea, a plant 12 years planted is 12 ft. high. In the Perth Nursery, one 8 years planted is 15 ft. high against a wall. There are trees as standards at Oriel Temple, Terenure, Charleville, and various other places in Ireland. At Paris, there are trees at Scéaux, and in most of the nurseries and botanic gardens. Plants, both seedlings and layers, are not unfrequent in the nurseries. The price, in London, is from 7s. 6d. to 21s. ; at Bollwyller, 6 francs; in New York, 1 dollar.