which was exceedingly beaten, and so diluted with water, that it became almost a liquid pap. It was into this that he plunged the roots, covering the surface with the turf: a singular example of removing great trees at such a season, and therefore taken notice of here expressly." This operation was probably performed before midsummer, when the trees, not having spent their vital or growing force for the season, might still send out shoots and fibrous roots, which would preserve them alive till the following year, when they would probably grow freely. If it had not been intended that they should grow a little the first year, the puddle formed with so much care would have been unnecessary. Statistics. We have received the dimensions and age of some hundreds of lime trees, with notices of the soil and situation in which they grow, in different parts of Britain and the continent of Europe: from which we shall select but a very few examples, the tree being sufficiently well known. Tilia europæ`a in the Environs of London. The oldest tree that we know of is at Fulham Palace. The head of the tree has suffered great injury from time and the weather; and is not remarkable either for its height or breadth; but the trunk is between 7 ft, and 8 ft. in diameter. At Kenwood there are trees 90 years planted, which are 90 ft. high. At Syon there are trees of T. europæ`a, of T. e. microphylla, and T. e. platyphylla, which are supposed to be about 80 years planted, and are 75 ft. high. Tilia europa a South of London. In Kent, at Cobham Hall, there is a tree 97 ft. high, and above 9ft. in diameter, which contains 136 ft. of timber. At Knowle there is an immense lime tree, the dimensions of which have not been sent us; but when we saw it, in 1820, it covered, as we estimated at the time, nearly a quarter of an acre of ground. The lower branches, which extended to a great length, had rested with their extremities on the soil, rooted into it, and sent up a circle of young trees, which surrounded the old or central one. The outer branches of this outer row of trees had, in their turn, stretched out, rested on the ground, and thrown up a second circle of trees, which, at the time we saw them, were from 20 ft. to 30 ft. high. The tree stands on a lawn in an ancient geometrical garden; and must be at least two centuries old; the soil is a deep sandy loam. At Ashtead, in Surrey, there are trees 95 ft. high, with trunks from 7 ft. to 8 ft. in diameter: the soil is an adhesive loam on chalk. Tilia europa a North of London. In Berkshire, at Ditton Park, there is a tree which is known to be upwards of 200 years old; and, though it is only 80 ft. high, yet the diameter of the trunk, at 1 ft. from the ground, is 22 ft. 10 in.; it grows on strong loam on gravel, and is supplied with abundance of water, from this gravel being on a level with the Thames. In Hertfordshire, at Moor Park, there are several magnificent lime trees, one of which has been beautifully portrayed by Mr. Strutt; nineteen large branches, 6 ft. or 8 ft. in girt, strike out horizontally from 67 ft. to 70 ft. in length, and these support three or four upright limbs; the tree is in full vigour, and its branches droop down and rest on the ground; the trunk girts 23 ft. 3 in.; and the head is 122 ft. in diameter; it is nearly 100 ft. high; and contains, by actual measurement, 875 ft. of timber. In Norfolk, at Merton Park, there is a tree 75 ft. high, which, at 1 ft. from the ground, is about 6ft. in diameter. In Somersetshire, at Brockleby Hall, are three lime trees with trunks from 15 ft. to 17 ft. in circumference, and 60 ft. high. In Staffordshire, at Enville, are some of the finest trees of T. europa a and T. e. microphylla in England; they are nearly 100 ft. high, and they are completely feathered to the ground. In Warwickshire, at Crompton, a tree, between 60 ft. and 70 ft. high, has a trunk measuring, at 4 ft. from the ground, 15 ft. in girt; from 9 ft. to 12 ft. high the trunk divides into six upright branches, each from 50 ft. to 60 ft. high. In Worcestershire, between Horford and Ombersley, on the edge of a small pool, there is a tree of T. e. microphylla estimated at upwards of 300 years of age; it is 70 ft. high, and the trunk, at 8 ft. from the ground, 30 ft. in circumference. There are several other trees of the same variety in the neighbourhood estimated to be as old, and nearly as large; at Croome, T. e. platyphylla, 40 years planted, is 70 ft. high, with a trunk 24 ft. in diameter at 1 ft. from the ground, and the diameter of the space covered by its branches 70 ft., the soil is a strong red loam. In Yorkshire, at Bolton, are two lime trees of large size, supposed to be T. e. microphylla, noticed by Whitaker, in his History of Craven, which still exist. In the Park at Thrickleby Hall, there is a lime tree with a branch like a teapot handle, noticed by Sir J. E. Smith, in his correspondence. Tilia europea in Scotland. At Hopeton House, T. e. rùbra, 100 years planted, is 70 ft. high, with a trunk 33 ft. in diameter at 1 ft. from the ground, and the diameter of the space covered by the branches 33 ft.: it stands in an avenue among several others of about the same height. At Gordon Castle, in Aberdeenshire, there are trees above 80 ft. high, and with trunks above 5 ft. in diameter at 1 ft. from the ground. In Ayrshire, at Roseneath Castle, there are several trees with trunks S ft. in diameter, and from 75 ft. to 80 ft. high. In Perthshire, at Taymouth Castle, there is a noble avenue of lime trees, which has been 100 years planted, and the trees are 82 ft. high and upwards; and 6 ft., or more, in diameter, at a foot from the ground. In the Perth Nursery there is a tree of the T. e. platy. phylla minor, 60 years planted, 66 ft. high; the diameter of the trunk, at 1 ft. from the ground, 28 in.; and that of the space covered by its branches 42 ft. In general, when the soil is properly prepared, the tree grows at the average rate of 2 ft. a year, for the first 12 or 15 years, in the milder parts of Scotland. Tilia europa'a in Ireland. In the park at Charleville Forest, county of Meath, there is a tree 110 ft. high, with a trunk, at 1 ft. from the ground, 54 ft. in diameter: it grows in brown loam resting on a limestone gravel, in an open situation. In the plantations on the same estate, the tree attains the height of from 25 ft. to 30 ft. in 10 years. At Florence Court there is a tree, 38 years planted, 46 ft. high, with a trunk 4 ft. in diameter at 1 ft. from the ground, and the diameter of the space covered by the branches 46 ft.; the soil a retentive loam. At Moira, near Belfast, T. e. platyphylla minor has attained the height of 85 ft., with a trunk 4 ft. in diameter at 1 ft. from the ground; the branches covering a space of 60 ft. in diameter. Tilia europea in Foreign Countries. In France, in the Paris Garden, T. e. platyphylla, 120 years planted, is 75 ft. high, and the space covered by its branches is 87 ft. in circumference; at Mereville, T. e. microphylla, 60 years planted, is 60 ft. high; its trunk, at 1 ft. from the ground, is 5 ft. in diameter; and the diameter of the space covered by its branches is 40 ft.; in the botanic garden at Toulon, 1. europæ'a, 40 years planted, is 50 ft. high, with a trunk 4 ft. in diameter; in the public walks at Nantes, T. europa a, 70 years planted, is 80 ft. high, with a trunk 4 ft. in diameter. In Belgium and Holland this species and its varieties abound: the largest are in “the wood" at the Hague, some of which are between 70 ft, and 80 ft. in height, with trunks between 3 ft. and 4 ft. in diameter. In the neighbourhood of Ghent and of Brussels, the tree is seldom to be found above 60 ft. high; and in the native forests, where it is indigenous, not often so much. In Austria, in the park at Schönbrunn, there is a lime tree, 70 years planted, which is 75 ft high; at Laxenburg, 60 years planted and 55 ft. high; and many others of similar heights, or higher, are to be found. In Wirtemberg, at Neustadt an der Linde, is a tree, from which the town takes its name, of unknown age, and great size; the trunk girts 54 ft., and rises 15 ft. high before the branches begin; the whole height of the tree is about 100 ft. The branches extend to nearly 100 ft. on each side of the trunk, and they are supported by 108 pillars, some of which are of wood, and some of stone; there is a place of entertainment formed in the head of the tree, which is ascended to by a flight of steps. In the hollows of the branches, earth has been placed, and gooseberry bushes planted, which bear fruit which is sold to visitors. The avenue of lime trees in Berlin (Der Linden Strasse) is celebrated. In Denmark, T. europæ a and 7. e. microphýlla attain the height of from 60 ft. to 70 ft. in the royal gardens in the neighbourhood of Copenhagen. In Sweden, in the botanic garden at Lund, there is a lime tree which is 60 ft. high, with a trunk 3 ft. 3 in. in diameter. In Switzerland, according to Cox, and to M. Alphonse De Candolle, p. 160., there are some very large lime trees. One, near Morges, has a trunk 24 ft. 4 in. in circumference; another, Lear the great church at Berne, which was planted before the year 1410, is 36 ft. in girt; and a third, near Morat, which is, probably, one of those referred to by M. De Candolle, is not less than 90 ft, high, and of the same girt as the last. In p. 162. some other remarkable lime trees are mentioned. Mr. Strutt, the most celebrated artist in dendro graphy which this country has ever produced, and who is now (January, 1856) in Switzerland, has, we believe, taken sketches of all these trees, which he will, in all probability, engrave and publish on his return to England. Commercial Statistics. The common lime is propagated for sale in all the European nurseries, and in some of those of North America. The price varies according to the size of the plants. In London, plants from layers, 3 ft. to 4 ft. high, cost 20s. a hundred; from 5 ft. to 6 ft. high, 30s. a hundred; and from 7 ft. to 10 ft. high, 2s. 6d. each. At Bollwyller, plants of the common lime are 1 franc each; of the common yellow-twigged variety 2 francs each; and of the cut-leaved variety, which, we believe, was originally brought from that nursery, 5 francs each. In New York, ?. † 2. T. (EUR.) A'LBA Waldst. & Kit. The white-leaved European Lime Tree. Identification. Waldst. and Kit. Pl. Hung.; Wats. Dendr. Brit.; Hort., Kew., 2. p. 230.; Hayne Dend., p. 113.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 553. Synonymes. T. americana Du Roi; T. argéntea Desf., Dec. Cat. Hort. Monsp., and Dec. Prod., 1. p 513.; T. rotundifolia Vent. and N. Du Ham.; T. tomentosa Manch. Engravings. Waldst. and Kit. Pl. Hung., 1. t. 3.; Vent. Diss., t. 4.; N. Du Ham., t. 52.; Wats Dend., t. 71.; and our plate in Vol. II. Spec. Char. Petals each with a scale at the base inside. Leaves cordate, somewhat acuminated, and rather unequal at the base, serrated, clothed with with white down beneath, but smooth above, 4 times longer than the petioles. Fruit ovate, with 5 obscure ribs. (Don's Mill., i. p. 553.) Fruit evidently ribbed. (Steven, in Nouv. Mém, de la Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes de Moscou, tome iii. p. 103.) A native of Hungary; with yellowish and very fragrant flowers, produced from June to August. Introduced in 1767. Description. Our own opinion is, that this is nothing more than a very distinct race of the common lime; notwithstanding the circumstance of its having scales to its petals, as noticed by Watson in his Dendrologia, which no one of the other varieties of T. europa a is said to possess. Even allowing this structure to be permanent in the Hungarian lime, the tree bears such a general resemblance to T. europæ`a in all its main features, that it seems to us impossible to doubt the identity of their origin. We are strengthened in this opinion by the circumstance of its being found only in isolated stations in the Hungarian forests. We have, however, placed this lime by itself, rather than among the other varieties; because, from the whiteness of its foliage, it is far more obviously distinct than T. e. platyphylla or T. e. microphylla. The tree is at once distinguishable from all the other species and varieties by this white appearance, even at a considerable distance, and by the strikingly snowy hue of its leaves when they are ruffled by the wind. Its wood and shoots resemble those of the common lime; but it does not attain the same height as that tree. At High Clerc, where a number of plants of this species are sprinkled along the approach road, its line of direction may be traced at some miles' distance, through the apparently dense forest, by their white tops appearing at intervals among the other trees. Geography, History, &c. The white lime was discovered by Kitaibel in the woods of Hungary, where it is rare; it was also seen by Olivier near Constantinople. It was sent to Gordon, at Mile End, in the year 1767; whence it passed into other nurseries, and has since been rather extensively cultivated, though not so much so as it deserves from its very striking appearance. Twelve years after it was introduced into England, we are informed in the Nouveau Du Hamel, printed in the time of the French Republic, that "the citizens Thouin and Cels received some plants from Kew, and propagated them with success ; the former in the garden of the Museum, and the other in his nursery at Arcueil. Some of these plants grew with such vigour, that, in the 6th and 7th years of the Republic, citizen Thouin sowed their seeds, and raised several young plants from them." The tree alluded to in the Paris Garden is now according to the Return Paper sent to us by Professor Mirbel, 55 ft. high, and its branches cover a space of 63 ft. in diameter. It is propagated in the same manner as the common species, and requires a similar soil and situation. When first introduced, it was propagated by grafting on T. e. platyphýlla; and this is still the practice in some nurseries, especially in Continental ones. Statistics. There is a good specimen of the white lime in the Kew arboretum, and a fine tree at Walton upon Thames, 60 ft. high. There are also a great many at High Clere, in Berkshire, some of which, in 36 years, have attained the height of 60 ft., with diameters of from 1 ft. 6 in. to 2 ft., on a retentive shallow soil on chalk. There are some good specimens at Deepdene, also on chalk. One at Croome, in Worcestershire, only 30 years planted, on a loamy soil, has attained the height of 50 ft., with a trunk 2 ft. in diameter. One in the Glasnevin Botanic Garden, 35 years planted, is 35 ft. high; and, in the principal botanic gardens on the Continent, there are trees of from 30 ft. to 50 ft. in height. Plants, in the London nurseries, cost 2s. each; at Bollwyller, 1 franc 50 cents; at New York, ?. It T. (?e.) a. petiolàris Dec., the long-petioled-leaved Lime Tree, described by De Candolle from dried specimens without flower or fruit, is, probably, only a variety of T. álba. He has placed it in one of two sections in which the species have the petals each with a scale at its base, inside. is said to have leaves cordate, acuminated, twice the length of the petioles, serrated, smooth above, but white beneath from close-pressed down. It is said to be cultivated in the gardens of Odessa, but has not yet been introduced into England. Steven has stated (Nouv. Mem. de la Soc. Imp. des Nat. de Moscou, tome iii. p. 104.), that T. petiolàris Dec. certainly belongs to T. argentea [T. e. alba]; for the length of the petioles varies often upon the same branch, not only in this, but in all species of Tilia; wherefore Sprengel has judiciously omitted it from his Systema. 3. T. AMERICA'NA L. The American Lime Tree. Identification. Lin. Sp., 733.; Hort. Kew.; Willd. Spec. Synonymes. T. glabra, Vent.; T. caroliniana Wangenh.; T. canadensis Michaux; T. glabra Dec., Hayne's Dendr., and Don's Mill.; the smooth-leaved, or black, Lime Tree, and Bass Wood, Amer. Engravings. Vent. Diss., t. 2.; Wats. Dendr. Brit., t. 134. ; and our plate in Vol. II. Spec. Char. Petals each with a scale at the base, inside. Leaves profoundly cordate, abruptly acuminate, sharply serrated, somewhat coriaceous, smooth. Petals truncate and crenate at the apex, equal in length to the style. Fruit ovate, somewhat ribbed. (Don's Mill., i. p. 553.) Canada. Yellowishwhite flowers. July and August. 1752. On a general view of the trees, the most obvious external differential characteristics of the European and American limes appear to us to be, that the former have regularly cordate, and the latter obliquely cordate, leaves. The other American limes we consider to be nothing more than varieties of this species. Description. The American lime, in its native country, attains the height of 80 ft. or upwards, with a straight uniform trunk, having an ample finely tufted summit. In England, there are some specimens of from 50 ft. to 60 ft. in height: in summer, these are readily distinguished from the European limes by the largeness of the leaves, which are heart-shaped, acutely pointed, deep green and glabrous on their upper sides, and pale green beneath. Some of the leaves have a tendency to be slightly pubescent; but they are generally smooth and shining. The flowers, which are large, appear, in Canada, in June and July; but, in England, not till the end of July, or the beginning of August, when those of the common sort are decaying. In winter, this species is readily recognised by the robust appearance of the trunk and branches, and by the dark-brown colour of the bark on the young shoots. This circumstance alone is a very marked distinction; and has, no doubt, procured for the species the name of the black lime tree. The largest tree, that we know of, of this species is at White Knights, near Reading: it is about 60 ft. high; and, at a distance, the tufting of the masses has a very singular appearance. Geography, History, &c. This species is found in Canada, and in the northern parts of the United States: it is less common towards the south; and, in Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia, it is found only on the Alleghany Mountains. It is abundant in Tenessee, on the borders of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, on loose, deep, fertile soil. The wood of this tree is white and tender; and, in the northern states of America, where the tulip tree does not attain a timber size, it is used for the panels of carriage bodies, and the seats of chairs. On the Ohio, the images affixed to the prows of vessels are made of this wood; and the inner bark is formed into ropes, as that of the T. europæ`a is in the north of Europe. This lime was cultivated by Miller in 1752, but has not been very extensively distributed. There are trees of it of 10 years' growth in the London Horticultural Society's Garden; and it is propagated, generally by grafting, in some of the British and Continental nurseries. Price, in London, 2s. 6d. a plant; at Bollwyller, 1 franc 50 cents; and at New York, 50 cents. I T. a. 2 laxiflòra. The loose-cymed-flowered American Lime Tree. Description, Geography, &c. Petals each with a scale at the base, Synonymes. T. pubescens Hort. Kew., Willd., Dec., Don's Mill., Vent., Michaux, and situations they are twice that size. The flowers, which resemble those of the common American species, appear in June, and they vary in the same proportion as the leaves. Seeds of this variety were brought to England by Catesby in 1726; but it does not appear to have been much cultivated. There is a tree of it in the arboretum at Kew, one in the London Horticultural Society's Garden, and one at Messrs. Loddiges's; and it may be found in a few of the principal nurseries. In New York, the price is 50 cents a plant. † T. a. 4 pubéscens leptophylla. The thin-leaved pubescent American Lime Tree. Synonymes. T. pubescens leptophylla Vent.; T. mississippénsis Desf. Description. This variety is described by Ventenat as having very thin leaves, with only a few fine serratures. De Candolle doubts whether it may not prove a distinct species. There is a plant bearing this name in the garden of the London Horticultural Society, which closely resembles T. a. pubescens; and, if this be correctly named, we should have no doubt of its being nothing more than a variety of that race. * T. a. 5. heterophylla. The various-leaved American Lime Tree. Synonymes. T. heterophylla Vent., Dec.; T. álba Michx.; the White Lime. Engravings. Vent. Diss., t. 5.; Michx. Árb., 3. t. 2.; and our plate in Vol. II. Description. Petals each with a scale at the base inside. Leaves ovate, downy beneath, sometimes cordate at the base, sometimes obliquely or equally truncate. Fruit globose, with 5 ribs. (Don's Mill., i. p. 553.) According to Michaux, this tree rarely exceeds the height of 40 ft. in its native habitats; and, according to the Nouveau Du Hamel, it does not exceed the height of 20 ft. in France, though it has been introduced into that country upwards of 70 years. The young branches of this variety are covered with a smooth silver-grey bark; by which, and by their thickness, rough surface, and the large size of their buds, the tree is easily recognised in winter. The leaves are larger than those of any other variety, either American or European; obliquely heart-shaped and pointed like those of all the other American varieties; of a dark green on the upper surface, and whitish beneath; with small reddish tufts of hairs at the intersections of the principal nerves. The flowers appear, in America, in June; and, as well as the floral leaf, are larger than those of any other lime tree. The petals are larger and whiter, and have an agreeable odour. The seeds are round, or, rather, oval, and downy. There is a tree of this variety in the London Horticultural Society's Garden, which, if correctly named, will prove it, as we think, to be only a variety of T. americàna, more nearly approaching T. a. laxiflòra than T. a. pubescens. Geography, History, &c. T. a. heterophylla, or the white lime, as it is called in America, is abundant in Maryland, Delaware, and the western states. It does not grow, like the common species (T. americana), in elevated places, nor amidst the trees of the forests, but is almost always found on the banks of rivers. It is particularly observed on those of the Susquehanna, the Ohio, and the streams which flow into them; but it rarely exceeds 40 ft. in height, with a trunk of from 12 in. to 18 in. in diameter. The wood is white and tender, and is seldom applied to any use in the arts. It is remarkable, that, although this tree was known in France in the time of Du Hamel, in 1755, it should not have been introduced into England till 1811. We are not aware of any plants of it, except those in the garden of the London Horticultural Society, which have not been planted above 8 or 10 years. Like all the other American varieties, it may be considered as highly ornamental, and well deserving a place in collections, where the climate is not much more severe than that of London, or where, if the cold is greater in winter, the heat is proportionately greater in summer, and is sufficient to give such a degree |