of maturity to the young wood as will enable it to endure the winter. App. i. Doubtful Varieties of Tilia europæ`a and americàna. In the garden of the London Horticultural Society there are some names attached to young plants of lime trees, which will not be found in the foregoing enumeration as distinct. The reason is, that we have not been able to satisfy ourselves that they were sufficiently distinct from the species and varieties which we have enumerated to be worth recording. Among these names are, T. platyphylla vèra, T. p. minor, T. præ`cox, T. vitifòlia, T. laxiflora microphylla, and T. pubescens rugòsa. App. I. Other Species belonging to the Order Tiliàceæ. The genus Grewia L. (Dec. Prod., i. p. 508., and Don's Mill., i. p. 547.) consists of a great number of species, mostly natives of tropical climates; but, as several of them inhabit Himalaya and the islands in the Indian Ocean, it is probable that some species might succeed in the neighbourhood of London, against a wall. In the Himalaya, Mr. Royle states that the inner bark of Grèwia oppositifolia is used for the same purposes as that of the lime tree is in Europe; that the leaves of G. didyma and other species are given as fodder to cattle, and are dried and stacked up for winter use. The wood is used, on account of its lightness, for making boats. Some of the species of Grèwin yield pleasant acid berries, much used for making sherbet. The species cannot be considered as likely to prove very ornamental in our gardens, but they will enrich them by increasing the variety. The species which might be tried are the following: G. oppositifolia Roxb., a Nepal shrub of 6ft, with purple flowers; G. biloba G. Don, a shrub, native of China; G. occidentalis L., a shrub, native of the Cape of Good Hope, which grows about the height of 10 ft., has leaves like those of the small elm, purple flowers, and has been cultivated in British green-houses since 1690; G. populifolia Vahl, a shrub with leaves like those of Populus trémula, found in Egypt; G. pùmila Ham., found in Nepal; G. velutina Vahl, found in Arabia; G. echinulata Delile, found in the north of Africa. The only one of these species which is at present in British gardens is G. occidentalis Bot. Mag., t. 42%, which well deserves a trial against a conservative wall. CHAP. XIX. OF THE HARDY AND HALF-HARDY LIGNEOUS PLANTS OF THE ORDER TERNSTRÖMIA CEÆ. DISTINCTIVE Characteristics. Thalamiflorous. (H. B.) Calyx with an imbricate æstivation. Stamens with filaments monadelphous or polyadelphous, and anthers 2-celled to 4-celled. Leaves alternate. (Lindley's Introd. to N. S.; and Don's Mill.) The species which endure the open air, belonging to this order, are included in two tribes, Gordonièæ, and Camellièæ. Sect. I. Hardy and half-hardy ligneous Plants belonging to the Tribe Gordonièæ. Common Character. Sepals 5, free, or joined together at the base. Petals usually connected at the base. Stamens numerous, with filiform filaments, connected at the base. Anther oval, vane-like. Styles 5, distinct, or connected only at the base, or usually united to the tip. Carpels 5, more or less united, 1-2-seeded. Seeds few. Albumen none. Embryo straight. Radicle oblong. Cotyledons leafy, folded lengthwise. Plumule inconspicuous. Trees and shrubs of America; a few of Asia. Leaves alternate, usually deciduous, oval or oblong, feather-nerved, and without stipules. (Dec. Prod., i. p. 527.) The genera are three; and their differential characters are as follow: Calyx attended by a single bractea. Petals MALACHODENDRON Cav. 5-6, with the limb finely notched. Ovary marked with 5 furrows. Styles 5, free, separate to the base. Stigmas capitate. Carpels capsular, 5, connected, 1-seeded. (Don's Mill., i. p. 564.) STUARTIA. Sepals 5, connected almost to Petals 5. Style crowned by a 5-lobed stigma. 5-valved. Cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds wingless. GORDO`NIA. Sepals 5, coriaceous. Petals 5, stamens, and connected together at the base. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved; cells 2—5-seeded. (Don's Mill., i. p. 564.) GENUS I. the middle, bibracteate. Capsule woody, 5-celled, (Don's Mill., i. p. 564.) adhering to the tube of the Style crowned by 5 stigmas. Seeds ending in a leafy wing. MALACHODE'NDRON Cav. THE MALACHODENDRON. Monadelphia Polyándria. Lan. Syst. Identification. Cav. Diss., 5. p. 502.; Juss. Gen., 275.; Mitch. Gen., 16. p. 38.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 528.; and Don's Mill., 1. p. 572. Synonymes. Stuartia L'Hérit.; Stewartia L. Derivation. From malakos, soft, and dendron, a tree; in allusion, perhaps, to the quality of the timber: or, possibly, from the flowers resembling those of the mallow, the Greek name for which is malache. Gen. Char., &c. Calyx 5-cleft, furnished with two bracteas at the base. Petals 5, with a crenulate limb. Ovary 5-furrowed. Styles 5, unconnected. Stigmas capitate. Carpels 5, capsular, connected, 1-seeded. Seeds unknown. (Don's Mill., i. p. 572.) A deciduous low tree, with large white flowers. 1. MALACHODE'NDRON OVA'TUM Cav. The ovate-leaved Malachodendron. Identification. Cav., 1. c.; Lindl. Bot. Reg.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 272. Synonymes. Stuártia pentagýnia L'Hérit.; Stewartia Malachodéndron Mill.; Stewartia à cinq Engravings. Smith's Exot. Bot., t. 101.; Michx. t. 58.; Bot. Reg., t. 1104. ; and our fig. 91. lary, solitary, almost sessile. Petals waved, cut, of a pale 91 its introduction, in frequent cultivation among other American or peatearth plants. The largest specimens which we have seen in England are at Dropmore and White Knights: the former are between 10 ft. and 12 ft. high, and form wide-spreading bushes, flowering freely every year. Their flowers are very large (24 in. or more across), and slightly fragrant. There are a great many trees nearly equally large at White Knights, which flower magnificently every year, and make a fine appearance during the months of August and September, when they are in full bloom. The plant would have a much better effect if trained up with a single stem, so as to form a small tree. For this purpose, after a plant has been two or three years established, it may be advisable to cut it down to the ground; and, from the shoots that it will throw up, to select one, and train it as the stem of the future tree. The soil in which it is generally grown is a mixture of loam and peat, in which the latter prevails; but, in the Mile End Nursery, it shoots vigorously, and flowers freely, in deep sandy loam. The situation should be sheltered; and shaded rather than otherwise. The usual mode of propagation is by layers; and the stools are sometimes protected, during winter, by mats. Plants, in the London nurseries, cost 5s. each; at Bollwyller, 15 francs; and at New York, 50 cents. GENUS II. STUARTIA Cav. THE STUARTIA. Lin. Syst. Monadélphia Pentándria. Identification. Cav. Diss., 5. p. 393.; Dec. Prod., 1. p 528., as Stewartia; Don's Mill., 1. p. 573. Derivation. Named in honour of John Stewart, Marquess of Bute, the patron of Sir John Hill, and a distinguished promoter of botanical science. General Character, &c. Calyx permanent, 5-cleft, rarely 5-parted, furnished with two bracteas at the base. Petals 5. Ovary roundish. Style 1, filiform, crowned by a capitate 5-lobed stigma. Capsule woody, 5-celled, 5-valved; cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds wingless, ovate, even. (Don's Mill., i. p. 573.)-A deciduous shrub, or low tree, with large white flowers. 1. STUARTIA VIRGINICA Cav. The Virginian Stuartia. Identification. Dec. Prod., 1. p. 528; Don's Mill., 1. p. 573. Synonymes. Stewartia Malachodéndron Lin. Sp., 982; Stuartia marilandica Bot. Rep.; Stewartia à un Style, Fr.; eingriffliche (one-styled) Stuartie, Ger. Engravings. Lam. Ill., t. 593.; Bot. Rep., t. 397.; and our fig. 92. 92 and blue anthers, usually in pairs. Leaves ovate, acute. Petals entire. (Don's Mill., i. p. 573.) A deciduous shrub; from 6 ft. to 8 ft. high in Virginia, its native country, and attaining nearly the same height in British gardens. It is found in swamps in the lower parts both of Virginia and Carolina; and was introduced into England in 1742. The general appearance of the plant is the same as that of the preceding genus; but it forms a smaller bush, and the foliage has a redder hue. The flowers are of the same size, white, with purple filaments and blue anthers. This plant is not so extensively cultivated as the other, from its being of somewhat slower growth; but its beauty, and the circumstance of its flowering from July to September, when but few trees or shrubs are in blossom, render it desirable for every collection. It thrives best in a peat soil, kept moist; but it will also grow in deep moist sand. In this, as in similar cases, care should be taken that no rampant plant be placed near it, the roots of which might penetrate into the mass of peat or sand, and, from their greater vigour, soon occupy it, and destroy, or greatly injure, those of the Stuártia. The propagation of this plant is the same as that of Malachodéndron; from which it is separated on account of a technical difference in the capsules, somewhat similar to that by which Thea is separated from Caméllia. There are large plants of this species in the Mile End Nursery. The price is the same as that of Malachodéndron. GENUS III. GORDO'NIA Ellis. THE GORDONIA. Polyándria. Lin. Syst. Monadelphia Identification. Ellis, in Phil. Trans., 1770.; Cav. Diss., 307; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 528.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 573. Derivation. Named in honour of Alexander Gordon, a celebrated nurseryman at Mile End, near London, who lived in the time of Philip Miller. Gen. Char. Calyx of 5 rounded coriaceous sepals. Petals 5, somewhat adnate to the urceolus of the stamens. Style crowned by a peltate 5-lobed stigma. Capsules 5-celled, 5-valved; cells 2-4-seeded. Seeds ending in a leafy wing fixed to the central column, filiform. (Don's Mill., i. p. 573.)-There are only two hardy species, both sub-evergreen. 1. GORDO'NIA LASIANTHUS L. The woolly-flowered Gordonia, or Loblolly Bay. Identification. Lin. Mant., 570.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 528.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 573. Synonymes. Hypericum Lasianthus Lin. Sp., 1101., Catesb. Carol., 1. t. 44, Pluk. Amalth., t. 352.; Gordonia à Feuilles glabres, and Alcée de la Floride, Fr.; langstielige Gordonie, Ger. Engravings. Cav. Diss., 6. t. 171.; Sims, Bot. Mag., t. 668.; Catesb. Carol., 1. t. 44.; Pluk. Amalth., t. 352.; and our fig. 93. Spec. Char., &c. Pedicels axillary, usually shorter than 93 the leaves. Leaves oblong, coriaceous, smooth, serrated. Calyx silky. Capsules conoid, acuminated. (Don's Mill., i. p. 573.) A tree growing, in its native country, to the height of 50 ft. or 60 ft., with a diameter of 18 in. or 20 in.; and a straight trunk of from 25 ft. to 30 ft. "The small divergency of its branches near the trunk gives it a regularly pyramidal form; but, as they ascend, they spread more loosely, like those of other trees of the forest. The bark is very smooth, while the tree is less than 6 in. in diameter: on old trees it is thick, and deeply furrowed. The leaves are evergreen, from 3 in. to 6 in. long, alternate, oval-acuminate, slightly toothed, and smooth and shining on the upper surface. The flowers are more than 1 in. broad, white, and sweetscented: they begin to appear about the middle of July, and continue blooming in succession during two or three months. This tree possesses the agreeable singularity of bearing flowers when it is only 3 ft. or 4 ft. high. The fruit is an oval capsule, divided into five compartments, each of which contains small, black, winged seeds." (Sylva Americana, p. 164, 165.) In England, the Gordònia Lasiánthus is seldom seen otherwise than as a sub-evergreen bush, of 5 ft. or 6 ft. in height; but it flowers beautifully, even at that size. It sometimes, however, reaches the height of 10 ft. or 12 ft. Geography, History, &c. The loblolly bay has a comparatively limited range in North America, being confined to the swamps near the sea coast, from the Floridas to Lower Louisiana. "In the pine-barrens, tracts of 50 or 100 acres are met with, at intervals, which, being lower than the adjacent ground, are kept constantly moist by the waters collected in them after the great rains. These spots are entirely covered with the loblolly bay, and are called bay swamps. Although the layer of vegetable mould is only 3 in. or 4 in. thick, and reposes upon a bed of barren sand, the vegetation of these trees is surprisingly luxuriant." (Sylva Amer., p. 164.) This plant seems to have been first recorded by Catesby; and it was soon afterwards described by Ellis, in the Philosophical Transactions; and figured there, as well as in Catesby's Carolina. It was introduced into England, about 1768, by Benjamin Bewick, Esq.; but it has never been very successfully cultivated, apparently from neglecting to imitate its natural habitat, a swampy soil in a low sheltered situation. The largest plants in the neighbourhood of London are at Purser's Cross, and are not above 10 ft. high. Properties and Uses. The wood of this tree, in America, is considered of little use; but its bark is of great value for tanning, for which purpose it is employed throughout the maritime parts of the southern states, and of the Floridas. A bark fit for the purpose of tanning is more valuable, in America, than might at first sight be imagined; because, though they have many sorts of oak, there are very few the bark of which contains a sufficient quantity of tannin to be worth employing by the tanner. Hence the Americans import the bark and acorn cups of Quércus E'gilops from Spain; and these they mix with the bark of the loblolly bay. Michaux remarks that the bark may be taken off this tree during three months; which shows that in it the sap is abundant, and in vigorous motion, during a much longer period than it is in the oak. In the northern parts of America, such as New York and Philadelphia, the loblolly bay is planted in gardens, along with the magnolia, as an ornamental tree, requiring there, as it does in Paris, some slight protection during winter. Soil, Situation, &c. This most beautifully flowering tree well deserves to have a suitable soil prepared for it, and to be treated with more care after it is planted than it appears to have hitherto received in England. The soil ought to be peat, or leaf-mould and sand; and it should be so circumstanced as always to be kept moist. For this purpose a considerable mass of soil ought to be brought together, and placed in an excavation, on a retentive substratum, in a low situation. During summer, water ought to be supplied from below, rather than from the surface, in order that the degree of moisture be kept as steady as possible; which it never can be when the surface is alternately moistened by the watering-pot, and dried by the sun. A steady moisture may be produced by laying in the bottom of the foundation either one or two brick drains across it, or a substratum of broken stones or gravel, to which water can be supplied through a shaft or tube communicating with the surface. Where both species of Gordònia are to be grown along with some other American trees and shrubs, such as Magnòlia glauca, &c., which require similar treatment, the expense of this preparation would be well worth incurring, in order to insure the successful growth of the plants. In British nurseries, the Gordònia is generally propagated by layers, but sometimes seeds are imported. These require to be raised on peat soil, kept moist, and shaded; and for this purpose a covering of Sphagnum is thought desirable, as the seeds which drop from the plants in their native habitats, according to Michaux, only germinate successfully in this moss. Statistics. There are specimens of this tree of 8 ft. or 10 ft. in height at Purser's Cross, at White Knights, in some of the London nurseries, and at a few other places in England; but scarcely any in Scotland, from the tree being rather tender; and but few in Ireland, because there the summers seldom admit of the wood being ripened. In the neighbourhood of Paris, there are some plants in the nurseries which have attained the height of 8 ft. or 10 ft.; and there was formerly a large one at Malmaison. Price, in the London nurseries, 5s. ; at Bollwyller, ?; and at New York, 1 dollar. 12. G. PUBESCENS Ph. The pubescent Gordonia. Identification. Pursh, Flor. Amer., 2. p. 451.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 528.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 573. Synonymes. Lacathea florida Sal. Par. Lond., t. 56.; Franklinia americana Marsh.; the Franklinia, Amer.; behaarte Gordonie, Ger. Engravings. Sal. Flor. Lond., t. 56.; Michx., t. 59.; and our fig. 94. Spec. Char., &c. Flowers almost sessile. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, pubescent beneath, somewhat serrated, membranaceous. Petals and sepals rather silky on the outside. (Don's Mill., i. p. 573.) A deciduous tree, from 20 ft. to 30 ft. high, producing large, white, fragrant flowers, with yellow anthers, in September and October. 1774. Variety. De Candolle indicates two forms:- G. p. velutina, G. pubescens L'Hér., figured in Cav. Diss., 6. t. 162., with oblong leaves velvety beneath, which may be considered the species; and G. p. subglabra, G. Franklin L'Hér., and Franklínia Alatamaha Marsh., with leaves smoothish beneath. 94 Description, &c. This species is much smaller than the preceding one; in its native country forming a deciduous tree, rarely exceeding 30 ft. in height, with a trunk 6 in. or 8 in. in diameter. The bark of the trunk is smooth, and presents a ridged surface, somewhat like that of the common hornbeam. The flowers are more than 1 in. in diameter, white, and of an agreeable odour. In Carolina they appear about the beginning of July; and a month later near Philadelphia. They open in succession during two or three months, and |