CHAP. XXIII.

PAVIA
ESCULA CEA.

soon as they appear, so that the entire force of the plant may be
directed to the nourishment of the scions. Plants of P. r. h. péndula,
in the London nurseries, are 5s. each: but, as they are rather scarce,
the readiest way of obtaining pendulous trees is, to procure plants
of P. r. hùmilis, which can be had for 2s. each, and common horse-
chestnut trees 12 ft. high, which can be had for 2s. 6d. each; and to
graft the shoots of the former on the tips of those of the latter.

Statistics. In the environs of London, at Syon, there is a tree of P. rùbra 26 ft. high (as exhibited in the plate in our Second Volume); at Ham House, Essex, 21 ft. high, the diameter of the head, 32 ft.; in Hampshire, at Southampton, 12 years planted, and 20 ft. high; in Surrey, at Bagshot Park, 12 years planted, and 14 ft. high; in Wiltshire, at Wardour Castle, 20 years planted, and 30 ft. high; in Suffolk, at Finborough Hall, 6 years planted, and 10 ft. high. In France, at Paris, in the Jardin des Plantes, 23 years planted, and 30 ft. high; in the Botanic Garden at Toulon, 40 years planted, and 12 ft. high. In Hanover, at Schwöbber, 40 ft. high. In Saxony, at Wörlitz, 25 years planted, and 30 ft. high.

Commercial Statistics. Plants, in the London nurseries, are 1s. 6d. to 2s. 6d; at Bollwyller, 80 cents; at New York, 25 cents, and nuts 40 cents a quart.

2. P. FLAVA Dec. The yellow-flowered Pavia.

Identification. Dec. Prod., 1. p. 598.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 653.

Synonymes. E'sculus flava Ait., Hayne; E. lutea Wangh.; Pavia lutea Poir.; the large Buckeye,
big Buckeye, Amer. ; the yellow Pavia
Engravings. Wangh. in Act. Nat. Scrut. Berl., 8. t. 6.; Hayne Abbild., t. 23.; Krause, t. 44.; Wats.
Dend. Brit., t. 163. ; and our plate in Vol. II.

Distinct. Char., &c. Petioles pubescent, flattish towards the tip. Leaflets
5-7, pubescent beneath, and above upon the nerves. (Dec. Prod., i. p. 598.)
This species differs from P. rùbra, in being a much stronger plant, assuming
the character of a tree of the second rate, and attaining the height of 30 ft.
or 40 ft., or upwards, in England. The leaves are pubescent, and much
paler than those of P. rùbra, and the flowers are yellow. The tree seems
to partake both of the character of 'sculus and Pàvia. It is a native of
Carolina and Virginia, in mountainous woods, and was introduced into
England in 1764. In its native country, on the declivities of mountains,
where the soil is loose, deep, and fertile, this tree attains the height of 60 ft.
or 70 ft., with a trunk 3 ft. or 4 ft. in diameter. The largest tree in England
is at Syon, and is 40 ft. high, as exhibited in the plate in our Second Volume.
The tree in the garden of the London Horticultural Society was, in 1834,
12 ft. high, having been planted 8 years. This species is not quite so free a
flowerer as P. rùbra, and it is one of the first of the genus to drop its leaves
in autumn: they generally commence falling about the middle of August,
and the tree is frequently naked by the 1st of September. Like all the
Esculàceæ, to thrive, it requires a deep rich soil. It is commonly propa-
gated by buds, because the colour of the flower is found to vary much in
A nurseryman, writing on this subject in the
plants raised from seed.
Gardener's Magazine (vol. xi. p. 249.), observes that there are two varieties
of P. flàva in cultivation in the English nurseries: one, an inferiorly flowering
variety, generally raised from seed; and the other variety producing a
larger flower, and of brighter colour, only to be propagated by budding or
grafting. There are two fine grafted trees of this variety in the Fulham
Nursery, with trunks 5 ft. and 6 ft. in circumference, and nearly 30 ft. in
height.

Statistics. In the environs of London, at Syon, there is a tree 40 ft. high, already mentioned; in the Fulham Nursery, two, nearly 30 ft. high; at Kenwood, one, 40 years planted, which is 37 ft. high; at Ham House, Essex, one, planted by Dr. Fothergill, which is 28 ft. high; in the arboretum at Kew, the tree is 30 ft. high; at York House, Twickenham, 40 years planted, and 30 ft. high. In the Isle of Jersey, in Saunders's Nursery, 10 years planted, and 12 ft. high, In Lancashire, at Latham House, 14 years planted, and 25 ft. high; in Monmouthshire, at Dowlais House, 20 years planted, and 15 ft. high; in Oxfordshire, in the Oxford Botanic Garden, 40 years planted, and 34 ft. high. In Scotland, in Perthshire, in the Perth Nursery, 20 years planted, and 15 ft. high; in Stirlingshire, in Calendar Park, 10 years planted, and 14 ft. high. In Ireland, in the environs of Dublin, at Castletown, 35 ft. high; in the Glasnevin Botanic Garden, 30 years planted, and 30 ft high; in Louth, at Oriel Temple, 40 years planted, and 31 ft. high. In France, at Paris, in the Jardin des Plantes, 55 years planted, and 44 ft. high; in the Botanic Garden at Toulon, 40 years planted, and 18 ft. high. In Hanover, at Schwöbber, 40 ft. high. In Saxony, at Wörlitz, 20 ft. high. In Austria, at Kopenzel, 12 years planted, and 18 ft. high; at Brück on the Leytha, 24 ft. high.

Commercial Statistics. Plants, in London, cost from 1s. 6d. to 2s. 6d. each; at Bollwyller, 80 cents; and at New York, 25 cents, and nuts 40 cents a quart.

3. P. DISCOLOR Swt. in H. B. The two-coloured-flowered Pavia. Identification. Swt. Hort. Brit., p. 83.; Don's Mill, 1. p. 653.

Synonyme. Æ'sculus díscolor Ph. and Bot. Reg.

Engraving. Bot. Reg., t. 310.

Distinct. Char., &c. The whole plant, including the young wood, is covered with pubescence. The flowers are large, showy, continuing a long time expanding, and numerous, though they are but sparingly succeeded by fruit. When the plant is raised from seed, it is remarkable for its thick, fleshy, carrot-like roots, which, in free soil, penetrate perpendicularly to the depth of 8 ft. or 10 ft., as has been found to be the case in the Hammersmith Nursery. This sort was introduced from North America (where it is found principally in the western territory of Georgia), in 1812, by Mr. Lyon. Unless when grafted on E. Hippocastanum, it is seldom seen above 4 ft. or 5 ft. in height; but it is a very free flowerer, and, considered as a shrub, one of the most ornamental in May that can be planted. The plant in the garden of the London Hort. Soc. was, in 1834, 4 ft. high, after having been 3 years planted. There are varieties of it in the nurseries under different names; one of these, raised by Messrs. Rivers at Sawbridgeworth, bears the name of P. cárnea pubescens. There is a handsome specimen of this bush in the Hammersmith Nursery; it is about 5 ft. high, and 6 ft. or 8 ft. in diameter, and is profusely covered with bloom every year. A large tree of the common horsechestnut, covered with grafts of this species, as recommended in the case of P. hùmilis, would form a noble object. Scions taken from flower. ing trees, and grafted on P. hùmilis, would form beautiful miniature trees for pots. Scions from flowering trees, grafted on stocks of this species, flower the second year, and form the most beautiful flowering shrubs for small gardens that can well be recommended. The same may truly be said of P. hùmilis, and P. macrostachya, and yet none of these species are ever to be met with in the suburban gardens of the metropolis. Plants, in the London nurseries, cost 2s. 6d. each.

4. P. HY BRIDA Dec. The hybrid Pavia. Identification. Dec. Prod., 1. p. 598.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 653. Synonyme. E'sculus hybrida Dec. Hort. Monsp., 1813, p. 75. Distinct. Char., &c. Leaves clothed beneath with velvety pubescence, petioles smooth; flowers variegated with yellow, white, and purple. The tree in the London Horticultural Society's Garden was, in 1834, 6 ft. high, after having been 5 years planted. The leaves and flowers bear some resemblance to those of P. díscolor; but the flowers of P. hybrida are more sparingly produced. This sort is not in general cultivation; though, like every other kind of Pàvia and E'sculus, it well deserves to be so.

5. P. NEGLE CTA G. Don. The neglected Pavia. Identification. Loud. Hort. Brit., p. 143. ; Don's Mill., p. 653.; Swt. Hort. Brit., p. 83. Synonymes. E'sculus neglecta Lindl. in Bot. Reg.

Engravings. Bot. Reg., t. 1009.; and our fig. 136.

Distinct. Char., &c. Leaves with rufous down on the veins on the upper side, smooth beneath; rather plicate. Flowers pale yellow, veined with red. This is a tree resembling the preceding sort, and, like it, is apparently a hybrid between P. rùbra and P. díscolor. It was purchased by the London Horticultural Society from M. Catros of Bordeaux, under the name of E. ohioénsis. In the Botanical Register, it is said to be most nearly related to Æ. (Pàvia) flàva, but to differ from it in the flowers appearing 10 days earlier, and in the leaflets being more glabrous, with rufous down on the veins on the upper side, and with hairs in the axils of the veins on the under surface. There is a tree of this sort in the garden of the London Horticultural Society, which, in 1834, was 12 ft. high, after having been 8 years planted; but it has scarcely yet found its way into the nurseries.

6. P. MACROCARPA Hort. The long-fruited Pavia.

Synonymes. E'sculus Pàvia macrocarpa Lodd. Cat., 1830.; Pàvia macrocarpa in the Hort. Soc. Gard.

Engraving. Our plate in Vol. II.

Distinct. Char. &c. This tree is upwards of 20 ft. high; and that in the garden of the London Horticultural Society, was, in 1834, 12 ft. high, after having been 8 years planted. This sort appears to us to be intermediate between some variety of 'sculus Hippocastanum and Pàvia rùbra. The leaves are large, smooth on the upper surface, and shining. The flowers are nearly as large as those of the common horsechestnut, but with the petals less spreading, and of a pale red colour mixed with yellow. The branches are spreading and loose; and the whole tree has an open graceful appearance, quite different from that compactness of form and rigidity of branches which belong to most of the tree species and varieties both of 'sculus and Pàvia. This sort can scarcely be said to be in cultivation in the nurseries, notwithstanding its claims to a place in every collection of ornamental trees.

7. P. MACROSTA CHYA Lois. The long-racemed Pavia. Identification. Lois. Herb. Amat.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 598.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 652, Synonymes. Esculus parviflora Walt.; E. macrostachya Mr. and Hayne; Pàvia álba Poir.; Pàvia edulis Poit. Arb. Fr., t. 88.; Pavier à longs E'pis, Pavier nain, Fr.; langährige Rosskastanie, Ger. Engravings. Lois. Herb. Amat., t. 212.; Jacq. Ecl., t. 9.; Poit. Arb. Fr., t. 88.; Hayne Abbild., t. 26.; Colla Hort. Rip., t. 19.; and our fig. 137.

Spec. Char.,&c. Stamens much longer than the corolla; racemes very long. Root stoloniferous. Flowers white. (Dec. Prod., i. p. 598.) A shrub, with loose racemes of white flowers, with long projecting stamens, which give the spike a fine fringed appearance. A native of North America, on the banks of rivers, more particularly in Georgia, near the little town of St. Augustin;

137

introduced in 1820; flowering in June, July, and August. The shoots are slender, spreading, and rooting at the joints where they happen to rest on the soil, with ascendent extremities. The tree comes into flower about a month or six weeks later than the other sculàceæ, and continues flowering, in the case of large plants on moist soil, for three months or longer, forming one of the greatest floral ornaments of the shrubbery, at a season when very few trees or shrubs are in flower. The fruit, which is small, seldom ripens in England; but in America it is said to be eaten, boiled or roasted: and M. Poiteau, accordingly, has included this species of Pàvia in his list of fruit trees. (See Bon Jard., 1835, p. 775.) When plants are to be raised from the nuts, he says they ought to be sown immediately; as, if kept exposed to the air, they shrink, and soon lose their vegetative power. The flowers are agreeably fragrant, and, as before observed, very ornamental; as are the spreading leaves, supported on long slender petioles; which, from their graceful disposition, combined with the feathery lightness of the racemes of flowers, give the whole plant an air of elegance quite different from that of any other species of dwarf pavia.

Statistics. The largest plant in the environs of London is at Syon; but it is not more than 12 ft. high. The plant of this species in the garden of the London Horticultural Society, 7 years planted, was, in 1834, 5 ft. high. In Berkshire, at White Knights, there are a great many plants which flower profusely the whole season, and among them is one, 25 years planted, which is 15 ft. high; in Lancashire, at Latham House, one, 12 years planted, 10 ft. high; in Suffolk, in the Bury Botanic Garden, 7 years planted, and 6 ft. high.; and, in Surrey, at Farnham Castle, several plants, 10 ft. high.

Commercial Statistics. Plants, in London, are 1s. 6d. each; at Bollwyller, 2 francs; and at New York, 25 cents, and nuts 50 cents per quart.

App. i. Other Varieties of Pàvia.

In the Fulham Nursery are plants belonging to Pavia, or intermediate between Pavia and Es culus, with the names, Pavia serrata and P. erécta; and in the garden of the London Horticultural Society are plants marked E sculus Pavia flava var. In different nurseries, there are different names for the same variety; and, as almost all the sorts seed freely, and hybridise as freely, both with Esculus, and with each other, new varieties may be expected in abundance. All the species and varieties are so truly beautiful, that this is not to be regretted, more especially if they are kept distinct, and so described and named as to indicate what they are, and to enable purchasers to be certain of obtaining them. It is almost unnecessary to observe, that all the most valuable varieties are best perpetuated by budding or grafting, and that, with regard to the pavia, as well as to the esculus (see p. 469.), collectors ought always to see that the plants they purchase have been worked.

CHAP. XXIV.

OF THE HARDY AND HALF-HARDY LIGNEOUS PLANTS OF THE ORDER SAPINDA CE.

Or this order there is only one hardy ligneous plant in the country, namely, Kölreutèria paniculata Laxm.; and the half-hardy species, which chiefly belong to the genus Dodona'a, are not much cultivated even in green-houses.

GENUS I.

KÖLREUTE`RIA Laxm. THE KOLREUTERIA. Lin. Syst. Octándria Monogynia.

Identification. Laxm. Acad. Petr. 16. p. 561.; L'Hérit. Sert., 18. t. 19.; Willd. Spec. Pl., 330.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 616.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 672.

Synonyme. Sapindus sp. Lin. Fil.

Derivation. In honour of John Theophilus Kölreuter, once Professor of Natural History at Carls. ruhe, and celebrated for his researches on the pollen of plants.

Gen. Char., &c. Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 4, each with 2 scales at the base. Capsule 3-celled, inflated. Seeds ovate-globose, the seed-coat penetrating into the seed, and occupying in the place of an axis the centre of the embryo, which is spirally convoluted. Leaves impari-pinnate, of many pairs of leaflets that are ovate, and coarsely toothed. Flowers, yellow, in panicles. (Dec., Prod., i. p. 616.)-A deciduous tree of the middle size.

1. K. PANICULATA Larm. The panicled-flowering Kolreuteria. Identification. N. D. Ham., t. 36.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 616.; Hayne Dend. p. 45.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 672.

Synonymes. Sapíndus chinensis Lin. Fil. Supp., p. 221.; K. paulliniöìdes L'Hérit. Sert.; Savonnier paniculé, Fr.; rispentragende Kölreuterie, Ger.

Engravings. L'Hérit. Sert., 18. t. 19.; N. Du Ham., 1. t. 36.; Bot. Reg., t. 320.; and the plate of the tree in our Second Volume.

Description, History, &c. A tree of the middle size, with a loose irregular head, polygamous; that is, sometimes hermaphrodite, and sometimes unisexual: a native of China, and introduced in 1763. It was first cultivated at Croome, in Worcestershire, by the Earl of Coventry; and, being highly ornamental, both from its large compound leaves and fine loose terminal spikes of yellow flowers, it is to be found in most collections. Considering that it is a native of China, it is very hardy; the hermaphrodite plants not unfrequently ripening seeds in the neighbourhood of London. It has not only a very fine appearance when in flower, but also in autumn, when the tree is covered with its large bladdery capsules, and the leaves change to a deep yellow, which they do before they fall off. It was introduced into France in 1789, and is perfectly hardy in the neighbourhood of Paris, and also in the south of Germany. It is of the easiest culture in any common soil, and is readily propagated either by seeds or cuttings of the root or branches. In the London nurseries, it is generally propagated by seed. Though there are trees of this species of considerable size, both in Britain and on the Continent, we have never heard anything of the quality of its wood; which, from the prevalence of a yellow colour in its foliage and flowers, may probably be of a fine colour, and yie a yellow dye. The tree ought to be in every collection, on account of the beauty of its leaves, flowers, and fruit. In a young state, it is sometimes seen with a ragged head, owing to the young shoots dying back, after wet summers and cold autumns; but, as it gets older, it makes shorter shoots, and these have more time to ripen. Accordingly, old trees have generally much handsomer heads than young ones. The general contour of these heads is hemispherical, as may be seen by the fine old specimens at Kew, in the Fulham Nursery, and in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris.

Statistics. In the environs of London, the largest tree is at Ham House, where it is 42 ft. high, and the diameter of the trunk, at 1 ft. from the ground, is 16 in.; at Kew, it is 30 ft. high; in the Fulham Nursery, 25 ft.; at Fulham Palace, 17 years planted, it is 20 ft. high; at Syon, 20 ft high; in Berkshire, at White Knights, 25 years planted, and 23 ft. high; in Hertfordshire, at Cheshunt, 6 years planted, and 11 ft. high; in Staffordshire, at Alton Towers, 10 years planted, and 10 ft. high; in Yorkshire, in the Hull Botanic Garden, 12 years planted, and 8 ft. high. In Scotland, in Lawson's Nursery, Edinburgh, 4 years planted, and 4 ft. high; in Sutherlandshire, at Dunrobin Castle, 20 ft. high. In Ireland, in the environs of Dublin, at Castletown, 15 ft. high; in the Glasnevin Botanic Garden, 20 years planted, and 12 ft. high; at Terenure, 10 years planted, and 6 ft. high; at Oriel Temple, 25 years planted, and 30 ft. high. In France, in the Jardin des Plantes, 30 years planted, and 25 ft.