leithania escaped enrollment would seem to reflect upon one of the German-speaking nations, it must be remembered, however, that these deficiencies do not occur in the German, but chiefly in the Slavic crown lands, as is clearly seen from the following table:

Other items of interest.-In Austria (Cisleithania), 11,814 public schools offered physical training in form of gymnastics; 10,503 public schools offered industrial training of some sort, chiefly to girls; 9,407 public schools had school gardens for the study of botany and horticulture; 13,975 public schools had school libraries for pupils and teachers, while exclusively pedagogical libraries were maintained in 428 districts. The number of public kindergartens in Austria was 546, that of infant schools 486. Industrial continuation schools were maintained in 367 districts and agricultural continuation schools in 455 districts.

5.-SECONDARY EDUCATION.

Austria had, during the year 1888-89, altogether 252 institutions that can be classed under the head of institutions for secondary education; 173 were "Gymnasia" and "Realgymnasia," while 79 were "Realschulen." The character of these schools is adequately expressed by saying that Gymnasia are colleges or high schools in which classical studies predominate, Realschulen such in which modern languages and sciences predominate, while Realgymnasia are hybrid forms that try to accommodate students who cannot afford to follow either the classical or the ⚫ modern course exclusively. Yet it is well understood in Europe that the Realgymnasia prepare students for the universities, while Realschule graduates were until recently debarred from entering higher seats of learning. The official report gives the statistics of the secondary schools under two heads, (a) Gymnasia (including Realgymnasia), and (b) Realschulen. We shall do the same in order to see what proportion of students follow classical and what proportion modern courses.

A.-If we group the Gymnasia and Realgymnasia according to the language of instruction, we find that in 98 schools (56.6 per cent) German is spoken; in 23 schools (13.5 per cent) Polish is spoken; in 3 schools (1.7 per cent) Servian is spoken; in 39 schools (22.5 per cent) Bohemian is spoken; in 1 school (0.6 per cent) Ruthenian is spoken; in 3 schools (1.8 per cent) Italian is spoken, while in 6 schools, or 3.5 per cent, two languages are spoken.

These secondary classical schools are maintained by different authorities as follows:

The state maintains 126 (or 72.8 per cent), the crown lands or provinces 9 (or 5.2 per cent), a number of cities 19 (or 11 per cent), the church 14 (or 8.1 per cent), and 5 (or 2.9 per cent) are private institutions or derive their maintenance from irreducible funds.

The number of professors and assistant professors engaged in these classical schools during 1888-89 was 3,473, namely:

According to the language spoken by these 3,473 professors, they

Sixty-four (or 1.8 per cent) spoke two languages.

Students. At the opening of the school year 1888-89 an increased number of applicants for admission were examined, namely, 11,532, of whom 1,089, or 9.4 per cent, failed to pass. The entire enrollment during that year was 55,846 students, or 46,113 in the Gymnasia and 9,733 in the Realgymnasia. The number of students enrolled during the last three years, for which official reports are at hand, was 53,148 in 1886-87, 52,665 in 1887-88, and 52,685 in 1888-89.

The following table may be of interest to American high-school teachers who would like to compare the condition of gradation in their schools with those of foreign countries.

In Austrian Gymnasia and Realgymnasia 20.5 per cent of the students. sat in the lowest grade (11 years of age); 16.7 per cent in the second grade (12 years of age); 15.5 per cent in the third grade (13 years of age); 13.8 per cent in the fourth grade (14 years of age); 9.8 per cent in the fifth grade (15 years of age); 8.5 per cent in the sixth grade (16 years of age); 7.7 per cent in the seventh grade (17 years of age); 7.5 per cent in the eighth grade (18 years of age). The first four years (from 6 to 10 years of age) are spent in elementary and preparatory classes.

The foregoing refers only to Gymnasia and Realgymnasia. We shall presently see what proportion of the total enrollment of students in the Realschulen go through the entire course.

The following item confirms the often-heard statement that the Israelites send more children to secondary schools in proportion to their population than the Christians: Eighty-two per cent of the students in Gymnasia and Realgymnasia were Catholics, 1 per cent were Oriental Greeks, 2.6 per cent were Protestants, 14.2 per cent were Israelites, and other confessions were represented by 0.1 per cent.

That portion of the income of Gymnasia and Realgymnasia which was derived from tuition fees alone amounted to 956,344 florins, or $341,414. Nearly one-half of all the students (47.4 per cent exactly) were freed from paying tuition fees. The number of students who drew stipends was 2,764 (or 5.2 per cent of the whole number). The amount paid in stipends or scholarships was 340,973 florins, or $131,727.36, an average of $47.68. Of course, the amount paid per student in the different crownlands (or provinces) varies considerably, while in Lower Austria it amounted to about $60; in Silesia it was about $24.

At the close of the year 1888-89, 4,109 senior students applied for admission to the final examination, but only 3,944 were admitted, of which only 3,536 or 89.8 per cent passed, 12.4 per cent of whom took the examination twice in the same year.

Of the 3,536 students who passed, 812 chose the study of theology, 1,021 chose the study of law and national economy, 799 chose the study of medicine and pharmacy, 221 chose the study of philosophy and philology, 74 chose technical studies, and 603 had not decided what study to take up.

B. The number of Realschulen, or modern schools, in Austria during the school year 1888-89 was 79. Grouping them according to the language of instruction, we find that in 58 schools (73.4 per cent) German is spoken, in 5 schools (6.3 per cent) Polish is spoken, in 3 schools (3.8 per cent) Italian is spoken, in 12 schools (15.2 per cent) Bohemian is spoken, and in 1 school (1.3 per cent) Servian is spoken.

The Realschulen, or modern secondary schools, are maintained by different authorities, as follows: The state maintains 48 (or 60.8 per cent), the Crown lands (or provinces) 16 (or 20.2 per cent), the cities 9 (or 11.4 per cent), and 6 (or 7.6 per cent) are private institutions or derive their income from irreducible funds.

The number of professors and assistant professors engaged in these modern schools during 1888-89 was 1,371, namely:

According to the mother tongues of these 1,371 professors, they may be classified as follows:

Students. At the opening of the school year 1888-89 an increased number of applicants for admission were examined-namely, 4,547—of which 412, or 9.1 per cent, failed to pass. The entire enrollment during that year was 18,679. A comparison of the number enrolled during the last three years reveals a steady increase.

1886-87

1887-88

1888-89

No. of students.

18,277

18, 397

18, 679

The following table, if compared with a similar one on page 431, where the ratio of students in each grade of the classical schools is given, may show that the gradation in the Realschulen is more irregular, and that fewer students are found in the higher grades than in Gymnasia, where 7.5 per cent of all the students are seniors. In Austrian Realschulen 26.4 per cent of the students sat in the lowest grade (11 years of age); 22.4 per cent of the students sat in the second grade (12 years of age); 17.8 per cent of the students sat in the third grade (13 years of age); 14.6 per cent of the students sat in the fourth grade (14 years of age); 7.9 per cent of the students sat in the fifth grade (15 years of age); 6 per cent of the students sat in the sixth grade (16 years of age); 4.9 per cent of the students sat in the seventh grade (17 years of age).

If we further consider that the course of study is one year longer in Gymnasia than in these Realschulen, the difference in the falling off in the number of students of the two kinds of schools is very apparent.

The religions are represented in Realschulen almost exactly as in Gymnasia; 80.7 per cent of the students in Realschulen were Catholics, 0.4 per cent Oriental Greeks, 4.4 per cent were Protestants, 14.3 were Israelites; other confessions were represented by 0.2 per cent.

The amount of tuition fees paid by the students of Realschulen was 385,224 florins, or $137,525. While in the classical schools 5.2 per cent of the students drew stipends, only 2.3 per cent of the students of modern schools enjoyed a like privilege. While in classical schools the amount of stipends was $131,727.36, it was only $14,728.75 in the medern schools, an average of $37.20. Eight hundred and fifty-nine senior students applied for admission to the final examination; of these 790, or 90.8 per cent, passed.

6.-HIGHER EDUCATION.

Higher education in Austria (Cisleithania) is represented by 8 universities, 6 polytechnica, 1 agricultural college, 2 mining academies, ED 90-28

3 schools of fine arts, 43 theological seminaries, and 69 normal schools. The 8 universities of Austria are those of Vienna, Gratz, Innsbruck, Prague (German), Prague (Bohemian), Lemberg, Cracow, and Czernowitz. The number of professors and assistant professors in all these 8 institutions was 1,112, of which 71 belonged to the theological, 148 to the law faculty, 422 to the medical, and 471 to the philosophical faculty. During 1889 the number of lectures given was 3,266; they were attended by 15,562 students during the winter semester, and by 14,274 during the summer semester. Of these Vienna had 6,371 students in winter, 5,448 in summer; Gratz had 1,385 students in winter, 1,311 in summer; Innsbruck had 890 students in winter, 873 in summer; Prague (German) had 1,643 students in winter, 1,535 in summer; Prague (Bohemian) had 2,537 students in winter, 2,500 in summer; Lemberg had 1,188 students in winter, 1,115 in summer; Cracow had 1,277 students in winter, 1,231 in summer; Czernowitz had 271 students in winter, 261 in summer.

During the winter semester only the medical faculty had an increase of students, namely, 282, while the others had a decrease of 88 students in all. During the summer semester the theological and law faculties had an increase of 19 each, the medical one of 110, and the philosophical a decrease of 41.

The students came from all parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. but 84.1 per cent were born in Cisleithania, 9.1 per cent in Transleitha, nia, and 6.8 per cent in other countries. If the mother tongue of the students be considered, we find that the different nationalities are represented as follows: Germans, 43.8 per cent; Bohemians, 22.1 per cent; Poles, 15.4 per cent; Ruthenians, 3.6 per cent; Southern Slavs, 3.9 per cent; Italians, 3.2 per cent; Roumanians, 1.2 per cent; Magyars, 3.9 per cent; other nationalities, 2.9 per cent.

The religions were represented by 72.8 per cent Catholics, 2.9 per cent Oriental Greeks, 3.9 per cent Protestants, 19.9 per cent Jews, 1 per cent other confessions. The number of students who had the privilege of scholarships was 1,694 in winter and 1,741 in summer. The amount of stipends they drew was 547,773 florins, or $198,841.60 (a florin - 35.7 cents), for the entire year (average $116.66 for each stu dent).

At the close of the year 5,435 students submitted to the final examination, namely, 113 students of theology, 1,821 of law, 2,524 of medicine, 238 of philosophy, and 739 of pharmacy. In theology 99.1 per cent passed, in law 85.5 per cent, in medicine 80.7 per cent, in philosophy 95.3 per cent., in pharmacy $3.2 per cent. The degree of doctor was conferred upon 1,226 candidates. The examinations for entering the service of the state were conducted in three sections: (1) legal and historical, for which 1,313 candidates applied and 1,065, or 81.1 per cent, passed; (2) judicial, for which 679 applied and 584, or 86 per cent, passed; (3) science of government, for which 621 applied and 545, or 87.8