florins, or 2,400,000l., issued, in 1870; the third, of 40,000,000 florins, or 4,000,000l., contracted in 1872; the fourth, for 150,000,000 florins, or 15,000,000l., issued in 1873-74; and the fifth, for 80,000,000 florins, or 8,000,000l., negociated in December 1875. Army and Navy. 1. ARMY. According to official returns, Austria possessed, at the commencement of 1875, a standing army numbering 278,470 men on the peace-footing, and 838,700 on the war-footing, as follows: Description of Troops of Standing Army Infantry: 80 regiments of the line, each composed of 3 field 1 regiment of Kaiser-jäger of Tyrol, and 33 bat- 12 companies of ambulance and hospital service Cavalry :- Artillery: 12 regiments of field-artillery, each of 14 batteries of 8 pieces 12 battalions of fortress, and 2 battalions of mountain artillery. Total of cavalry Total of engineers and train The general staff of the army on active service, in June, 1875, comprised 2 field-marshals, 23 generals of infantry (Feldzeugmeister) and generals of cavalry; 56 generals of division, and 110 generals of brigade. There were besides, on the non-active list, 7 generals of infantry and generals of cavalry, 81 generals of division, and 188 generals of brigade. By the terms of the Compromise' come to between Austria and Hungary, on which was based a law of army organisation, passed December 5, 1868, the military forces of the whole empire are divided into the Standing army, the Landwehr, or militia, and the Landsturm. Under the law of 1868, the total strength of the armed forces, including marine troops, is fixed, for a term of ten years, at 800,000 men, to which number Austria Proper has to The regiments of contribute 470,368, and Hungary 319,632 men. the Standing army are under the control of the Minister of War of the Empire, and the Landwehr under the control of the Austrian and Hungarian Ministers of Landesvertheidigung. All orders relating to great concentrating movements of troops must emanate from the Emperor-King. The Standing army is formed, after the model of Prussia, by The term of service is ten years, three universal liability to arms. of which the soldier must spend in active service, after which he is enrolled for the remaining seven years in the army of reserve, with further liability to serve two years in the Landwehr. Austria has 25 fortresses of the first and second rank, namely, Comorn, Carlsburg, Temesvar, Peterwardein, Eszek, Brod, Carlstadt, Castelnuovo, Arad, Munkács, Cracow, Gradisca, Olmütz, Leopoldstadt, Prague, Brixen, Theresienstadt, Kufstein, Linz, Salzburg, The last-named is the chief Buda, Ragusa, Zara, Cattaro, and Pola. naval fortress of the empire. 2. NAVY. The naval forces of Austria consisted, in April 1876, of 10 ironclads, and 37 other steamers, the majority of them of small dimensions, constructed chiefly for coast defence. There were, besides, at the same date, 10 sailing ships. The following table gives the names of the ships comprising the fleet of war, with their horse-power, guns, and tonnage :— The two most powerful ships of the iron-clad fleet are the Custozza, and the Erzherzog Albrecht, both launched in 1872. They are of iron, while all the other iron-clads are wood-built. The principal of these, the Lissa, launched in 1869; the Kaiser, launched in 1871; and the Ferdinand Max and the Habsburg, both launched in 1865, are of antiquated construction, while the remainder are converted' ships. The navy of Austria was commanded in June 1876, by 1 admiral, 2 vice-admirals, 5 rear-admirals, 16 captains of ships-of-theline, 17 captains of frigates, 18 captains of corvettes, 117 lieutenants, and 232 ensigns and cadets, and manned by 5,836 sailors. The marines, at the same date, comprised 1 colonel, 1 lieut.-colonel, 1 major, 8 captains, 23 lieutenants, and 850 non-commissioned officers and privates. On the war-footing, the sailors are to number 11,532 men, and the marines 1,500. The navy is recruited, like the army, by a general levy from the seafaring population of the empire. A large proportion, however, is obtained by voluntary enlistment, particularly in the province of Dalmatia, which enjoys special privileges in return for the number of sailors which it furnishes to the imperial navy. The term of service in the navy is eight years, after which the men are liable to remain two years longer in the navy of reserve. Austria has two harbours of war, Pola and Trieste. Pola, the chief naval port, is strongly fortified, both towards sea and land, and has been recently enlarged, so as to be able to accommodate the entire fleet, while Trieste is the great storehouse and arsenal of the Imperial navy.-(Official Communication. Area and Population. The Austrian empire extends over an area of 240,943 English square miles, on which lived, at the date of the last census, taken December 31, 1869, a population of 35,904,435, or 159 per English square mile. The number of the civil population of the empire, distinguished as such in the census returns, was 35,634,858, leaving 269,577 persons enumerated as belonging to the military class. The following table gives the area, and total number of inhabitants, of the various provinces of the empire, distinguishing its two great political divisions, the German monarchy, or Cisleithan Austria, and the Hungarian kingdom, or Transleithan Austria, after the official returns of the census of December 31, 1869. Included under Hungary Proper is the so-called Military Frontier, a separate province at the date of the census, but incorporated with Hungary by a law passed June 9, 1872. At the census of October 31, 1857, the last preceding that of Dec. 31, 1869, the population of the empire amounted to 37,339,913 souls, |