on the lake Titicaca, was opened for traffic in 1872, and a second line, from Autofagasta to Salar, was completed in September 1874. The completion of several other lines, in course of construction in 1879, was abandoned in consequence of the outbreak of the war with Chili.

Diplomatic and Consular Representatives.

1. OF BOLIVIA IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Consul-General.-Alfonso Quijarro.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN BOLIVIA.

Vice-Consul.-Hugh R. Steavenson, appointed April 15, 1873.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Bolivia, and the British equivalents, are—

MONEY.

The Peso, or Dollar, of 100 Centomas

=

Approximate value 38.

The Bolivian dollar is theoretically worth 48. 2d., but, for a number of years, the coins issued from the Government mint at Potosi have been 25 per cent., and more, below the standard.

Trade of Bolivia with Great Britain; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries in the year 1880.' Imp. 4. London, 1881.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Church (Col. Geo. Earl), Papers and Documents relating to the Bolivian Loan, the National Bolivian Navigation Company, &c. 8. London, 1873. Dalence (M.), Bosquejo estadistico de Bolivia. 8. Chuquisaca, 1878. Grandidier (P.), Voyage dans l'Amérique du Sud. 8. Paris, 1861.# Mathews (Edward D.), Up the Amazon and Madeira Rivers, through Bolivia and Peru. 8. London, 1879.

In Dr.

Reck (Hugo), Geographie und Statistik der Republik Bolivia. Petermann's Mittheilungen,' parts VII. and VIII. 4. Gotha, 1865. Spence (James Mudie), The Land of Bolivar. 8. London, 1878. Tschudi (J. J. von), Reisen durch Südamerika. 4 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1856. Ursel (Comte C. d'), Sud-Amérique: Séjours et voyages au Brésil, en Bolivie, 12. Paris, 1879.

&c.

BRAZIL.

(IMPERIO DO BRAZIL.)

Reigning Emperor.

Pedro II., born December 2, 1825, the son of Emperor Pedro I. and of Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria; succeeded to the throne on the abdication of his father, April 7, 1881; declared of age, July 23, 1840; crowned, July 18, 1841. Married, September 4, 1843, to Empress Theresa, born March 14, 1822, the daughter of the late King Francis I. of the Two Sicilies.

Daughter of the Emperor.

Princess Izabel, born July 29, 1846; married, Oct. 15, 1864, to Prince Louis of Orleans, Comte d'Eu, born April 28, 1842, eldest son of the Duc de Nemours, of the ex-royal house of Bourbon-Orléans. Offspring of the union are two sons:-1. Prince Pedro, born Oct. 15, 1875. 2. Prince Louis Philippe, born Jan. 26, 1878.

Sisters of the Emperor.

I. Princess Januaria, born March 11, 1822; married, April 28, 1844, to Prince Louis of Bourbon, son of the late King Francisco I. of the Two Sicilies. Offspring of the union are two sons:-1. Prince Luis, born July 18, 1845. 2. Prince Felippe, born Aug. 12, 1847.

II. Princess Francisca, born August 2, 1824; married, May 1, 1843, to François, Prince de Joinville, born Aug. 14, 1818, son of the late King Louis Philippe of the French. Offspring of the union are two children :-1. Princess Françoise, born August 4, 1844; married, June 11, 1863, to her cousin Robert d'Orléans, duc de Chartres, born Nov. 9, 1840, of which union there are offspring five children. 2. Prince Pierre, duc de Penthièvre, born Nov. 4, 1845, lieutenant in the navy of France.

The Emperor is a scion, in the direct male line, of the House of Braganza, the female line of which is ruling over Portugal. In 1807, the royal family of Portugal fled to Brazil; in 1815, the colony was declared a 'kingdom;' and, the Portuguese Court having returned to Europe in 1821, a national congress assembled at Rio de

Janeiro, and on May 13, 1822, Don Pedro, eldest son of King João VI. of Portugal, was chosen 'Perpetual Protector' of Brazil. He proclaimed the independence of the country on Sept. 7, 1822, and was chosen Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Protector on the 12th October following. Having decided to abdicate in 1831, he left the crown to his only son, the present Emperor Pedro II.

The Brazilian empire derives from Portugal the principles of hereditary succession to the crown, which exclude the Salic law, and allow females to occupy the throne.

Constitution and Government.

It

The constitution of Brazil bears date March 25, 1824. establishes four powers in the State-the legislative, the executive, the judicial, and the 'moderating' power, or the royal prerogative. The legislative power is vested, for the affairs of the empire, in a general legislative assembly, and for provincial affairs in the provincial assemblies. The general legislative assembly consists of two Houses, the Senate and the Congress. The members of both Houses are elected by the people, but under different forms. Senators are chosen for life at electoral meetings expressly convened, each of which has to nominate three candidates, leaving the choice between them to the sovereign or his ministers. A senator must be forty years of age, a native-born Brazilian, and possessing a clear annual income of 1,600 milreis, or 1601. Senators receive a salary of 3,600 milreis, or 3601., each session. The Senate numbers 58 members.

The members of the House of Congress are chosen by indirect election, for the term of four years. For this purpose, the country is divided into electoral districts, where every 30 voters appoint one elector, and a number of the latter, varying according to population, nominate the deputy. The qualification for a voter is an annual income, of any sort, of 200 milreis, or 201. The electors must have an income of 400 milreis, or 401. a year, as a qualification; and the deputies must have an income of 800 milreis each, or 801. per annum. All voters, inscribed on the lists, are bound to give their votes, under a penalty. Minors, monks, and servants are not allowed a vote; and naturalised foreigners, as well as persons not professing the Roman Catholic religion, are incapable of being elected deputies. The latter receive a salary of 2,400 milreis, or 2407., each session, besides travelling expenses. The House of Congress numbers 122 members.

The annual session of the legislative assembly has to commence on May 3, and ordinarily extends over four months. Each House nomi

nates its own officers. The two Houses sit in general assembly at the opening and close of the session for the deliberation of important measures; and on these occasions the president of the Senate takes the chair, and the senators and deputies sit in mixed order. The two Houses sit apart during the rest of the session, in the execution of the ordinary duties of legislation. The Chamber of Deputies has the initiative in the assessment of taxes, in matters concerning the army and navy, and in the choice of the sovereign of the realm, should the latter act become necessary. The Senate has the exclusive privilege of taking cognisance of offences committed by members of the Imperial family, and by senators and deputies, if committed during the session. It is also invested with the right of convoking the legislative assembly, should the Emperor fail to do so, within two months after the period fixed by law.

The executive power is vested in the sovereign, assisted by his ministers and a council of state. The ministers are responsible for treason, corruption, abuse of power, and all acts contrary to the constitution, or the liberty, security, and property of the citizens. From this responsibility they cannot escape upon the plea of orders from the sovereign. The executive functions consist in the convocation of the ordinary meetings of the legislative assembly; the nomination of bishops, governors of provinces, and magistrates; the declaration of peace or war; and the general execution and superintendence of all measures voted by the legislature. The 'moderating' power, likewise vested in the sovereign, gives him the authority, not only to select ministers and senators, but to temporarily withhold his sanction from legislative measures, to convoke extraordinary legislative assemblies, to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies, and to grant amnesties and pardons. The ministry is divided into seven departments. The following were the members of the cabinet appointed January 23, 1882 :

Premier and Minister of Finance.-Senhor Martinho Campos. Minister of the Empire and Justice ad interim.-Senhor Rodolpho d'Antas.

Minister of Foreign Affairs.-Senhor Felippe Sá.

Minister of War and Marine ad interim.-Senhor Alfonso Penna. Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works.-Senhor Manoel Aranjo.

The ministers are assisted by a Council of State, consisting of twelve ordinary and twelve extraordinary members, all named by the Emperor for life. The twelve ordinary members are constantly consulted on matters of administration and international questions, but the whole twenty-four are convened only on special occasions. The councillors of state, ordinary and extraordinary, are mostly

ex-ministers. The heir to the throne, if of age, is by right a councillor of state.

At the head of each province is a president appointed by the central Government. Each province has also its local parliament or Provincial Chamber, and a general council, called the Legislative Assembly of the province. The members of the latter are nominated by the same electors who choose the deputies and senators to the general Legislative Assembly, while the members of the Provincial Chambers are elected directly by the voters. The election of members of the Provincial Chambers is for two years. The Legislative Assemblies of the provinces exercise, with some restrictions, as to political matters, the same power within their districts as the Congress for the whole empire.

6

Church and Education.

The established religion of the empire is the Roman Catholic, but according to Article 5 of the constitution, all other religions are tolerated, with their domestic or private form of worship, in buildings destined for this purpose, but without the exterior form of temples.' No person can be persecuted for religious acts or motives.

The Roman Catholic clergy is maintained by the State; funds, however, are voted for the construction of chapels and for the subsistence of ministers of different religions.

The bishops, and all other ecclesiastical officers are, depending the confirmation of the Apostolic See, appointed by the Emperor, and no Decree of Council, nor letters apostolic, nor any other ecclesiastical statutes, can be executed in the empire without the consent or placit of the Emperor, or of the General Assembly. Marriages of Protestants celebrated in foreign countries or in the empire, according to its civil law, are respected in all their legal effects.

Brazil constitutes an ecclesiastical province, with a metropolitan archbishopric, the seat of which is at Bahia, 11 suffragan bishops, 12 vicars-general, and 1,297 curates. For the private instruction of the clergy there are 11 seminaries, in general subsidised by the State.

Public education is divided into three distinct forms, or classes, namely, primary; secondary, or preparatory; and scientific, or superior. The primary instruction in the capital is under the charge of the General Assembly, and in the provinces under the Provincial Assemblies. According to the constitution primary education is gratuitous, and it will become compulsory as soon as the Government considers it opportune.' Notwithstanding the efforts of the legislature in recent years for the spread of education, it is still in a very backward state, and the public schools were frequented in 1874 by only 140,000 pupils. Compulsory education, however, now exists in several provinces, and is being introduced into others.

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