The estimates of expenditure under the Consolidated Fund for the financial year ending June 30, 1881, amounted to 25,517,000 dollars, or 5,103,4007., and of total expenditure to 25,207,203 dollars, or 5,041,4407. On the total receipts and expenditure for the year there was a saving of 1,000,000l. For the financial year ending June 30, 1880, the estimates of expenditure on the Consolidated Fund were 23,427,882 dollars, or 4,685,5767., and the total expenditure, 39,616,140 dollars, or 7,923,2281. The revenue for 1882-3 is estimated at 30,600,000 dollars, and expenditure at 27,600,000. The public debt of the Dominion, incurred chiefly on account of

LL

public works, and the interest of which forms the largest branch of the expenditure, was as follows on July 1, 1879:

To the existing debt was added, in 1879, a four per cent. loan of 8,000,000l., one-half of which bears the guarantee of the British government. Out of this loan 1,547,000l. is to be employed in redeeming the six per cent. bonds.

86

Interest Account

639 69

403 57

420,169

19

According to the Public Accounts for the year ending June 30, 1880, the Public Debt of Canada stood as follows:

In the financial estimates for the year 1878-79, the total expenditure on account of the debt was set down at 15,501,674 dollars, or 3,100,3357., and in the provisional estimates for 1879-80 the same was calculated at 14,282,413 dollars, or 2,856,4831.

Army.

In addition to the troops maintained by the Imperial Government— the strength of which was reduced, in 1871, to 2,000 men, forming the garrison of the fortress of Halifax, considered an 'Imperial station'-Canada has a large volunteer force, and a newlyorganised militia, brought into existence by a statute of the first Federal Parliament, passed in March 1868, 'to provide for the defence of the Dominion.' By the terms of the Act, the militia consists of all male British subjects between 18 and 60, who are called out to serve in four classes, namely:-1st class, 18 to 30, unmarried; 2nd, from 30 to 45, unmarried; 3rd, 18 to 45, married; 4th, 45 to 60. Widowers without children rank as unmarried, but with them, as married. The militia is divided into an active and a reserve force. The active includes the volunteer, the regular, and the marine militia. The regular militia are those who voluntarily enlist to serve in the same, or men balloted, or in part of both. The marine militia is made up of persons whose usual occupation is on sailing or steam craft navigating the waters of the Dominion. Volunteers have to serve for three years; and the regular and marine militia for two years. On the 1st of January 1879, the active militia comprised a force of 45,152, officers and men, organised as follows :-cavalry, 2,637; field artillery, 1,438; garrison artillery, 3,479; engineers, 282; infantry and rifles, 37,316. The reserve militia comprised 655,000 rank and file at the same date.

Under the Act of 1868, amended in 1871, Canada is divided into twelve military districts, four of which are formed by Ontario, three by Quebec, one by Nova Scotia, one by New Brunswick, one by Manitoba, one by Prince Edward Island, and one by British Columbia. Two schools of military instruction for artillery are established in each of the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and one in each of the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. There is, besides, a royal military college at Kingston, Ontario.

Area and Population.

The population of Canada in the year 1800 was estimated at 240,000; in 1825 it amounted to 581,920; in 1851 to 1,842,265; and in 1861 to 3,090,561. The census of April 3, 1871, stated the area and population of the Dominion as follows; with which are given the preliminary results of the census of April 3, 1881 :

The average increase in ten years has been at the rate of 18·05 per cent., varying from 13.61 per cent. in Nova Scotia to 289 per cent. in Manitoba.

By an Order in Council issued in August, 1880, all British possessions in North America not already included in the Dominion, comprising all islands with the exception of Newfoundland and its dependencies, are to be considered as forming part of the Dominion of Canada from September, 1, 1880.

The census of Newfoundland, taken at the end of 1869, stated the total population at 146,536-comprising 75,547 males, and 70,989 females-living on an area of 40,200 English square miles. In 1874 the population was 161,389. In 1881 it was 181,753.

The population of the Dominion consisted at the census of 1871 to the extent of more than four-fifths of natives of British North America. These numbered 2,900,531, of whom 1,138,794 were natives of Ontario; 1,147,664 of Quebec; 360,832 of Nova Scotia; 245,068 of New Brunswick; 405 of Manitoba and British Columbia; and 7,768 natives of Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. Of alien-born inhabitants of the Dominion the most numerous at the census of 1871 were 485,526 natives of the United Kingdom. The population of the principal cities of the Dominion and of British North America was as follows at the census of 1881 :DOMINION OF CANADA.

The increase of population in recent years has been chiefly through immigration from the United Kingdom. The following table shows the total number of immigrants, and the number who actually settled in the Dominion of Canada, in each of the ten years from 1870 to 1879.

The number of immigrants, as well as of settlers, is inclusive of those arrived from the United States.

Trade and Industry.

The trade of the Dominion of Canada is chiefly with the United States and Great Britain, the greater part of the imports being derived from the United States, and the greater part of the exports going to Great Britain. The following statement gives the total value of exports, and of imports, and the total value of imports entered for home consumption in the Dominion, in each of the ten fiscal years, ending June 30, from 1872 to 1881 :

The following tabular statement exhibits the commercial intercourse of the Dominion of Canada with the United Kingdom, giving the total value of the exports to Great Britain and Ireland, and of the imports of British and Irish produce and manufactures into the Dominion, in each of the ten years, ending Dec. 31, 1871 to 1880: